Class 10

Group A Write The Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives:

Question 1. The gorge formed in the arid regions is called as
1. Canyon
2. V-Shaped valley
3. Potholes
4. Dhand

Answer: 1. Canyon

Question 2. Bird-foot delta is formed at the mouth of
1. River Nile
2. Hwang Ho
3. Indus river
4. Mississippi-Missouri river

Answer: 4. Mississippi-Missouri river

Question 3. The Meteors that come towards the earth get burnt in the layer of
1. Ionosphere
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. Exosphere

Answer: 3. Mesosphere

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Question 4. A Tornado, the most destructive cyclone of the world is also called in the USA as
1. Cyclone
2. Twister
3. Typhoon
4. Hurricane

Answer: 2. Twister

Question 5. The merging of the cold Labrador current and warm Gulf stream current creates dense fogs and stormy weather conditions along
1. Newfoundland coast
2. Guinea coast
3. Florida cost
4. Peru coast

Answer: 1. Newfoundland coast

Question 6. On the days of Neap Tides, the sun and the moon are at the following angles to each other in respect of the earth
1. 180°
2. 360°
3. 90°
4. 120°

Answer: 3. 90°

Question 7. The following waste material is non-biodegradable by its nature
1. Plastic wastes
2. Synthetic rubber wastes
3. Aluminium sheet
4. Ail are applicable

Answer: 4. All are applicable

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Question 8. The Telangana State was formed by separation from
1. Madhya Pradesh
2. Andhra Pradesh
3. Bihar
4. Uttar Pradesh

Answer: 2. Andhra Pradesh

Question 9. The plain, which is formed along the foothills of Siwalik Himalaya by the deposition of small rock fragments is called as
1. Khadar
2. Bhangar
3. Bhavan
4. Bet

Answer: 3. Bhavan

Question 10. An example of one salt lake of India is
1. Pangong lake
2. Bhimtal
3. Dal lake
4. Loktak lake

Answer: 1. Pangong lake

Question 11. The Laterite soil is found in the region of
1. Ganga plain
2. Western slope of western ghat
3. Sundarban
4. Desert region

Answer: 2. Western slope of western ghat

Question 12. Wheat is a
1. Rabi crop
2. Kharif crop
3. Zaidcrop
4. Beverage crop

Answer: 1. Rabi crop

Question 13. The proposed fastest National Highway, which will connect Srinagar in the North with Kanyakumari in the South is called as
1. The East-West Corridor
2. The Golden Quadrilateral
3. The North-South Corridor
4. The North Central Corridor

Answer: 3. The North-South Corridor

Question 14. The Satellite sent by India is
1. IRS
2. LANDSAT
3. SPOT
4. Station

Answer: 1. IRS

Group B If The Statement Is True, Write ‘True’ And If False, Write ‘False’ Against The Following (Answer Any Six Statements):

Question 1. Potholes are formed at the base of the waterfall.
Answer: False

Question 2. The air pressure is measured by the help of Fortin’s Barometer.
Answer: True

Question 3. Changes of seasons is observed in the Equatorial region.
Answer: False

Question 4. The drought conditions develop in the western coast of South America due to the influence of El Nino of the Pacific Ocean.
Answer: False

Question 5. Tropical Evergreen forests are found in the states of Bihar and Chhattisgarh.
Answer: False

Question 6. Petrochemical Industry is called as “Modern Industrial Giant”.
Answer: True

Question 7. ‘Platform’ is the place in space where the Satellites are installed.
Answer: True

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Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words (Answer Any Six):

Question 1. According to the name of ______ river, the zigzag course of a river is known as a meander.
Answer: Meanders

Question 2. Horizontal and Parallel cracks or fractures found on the surface of a glacier are called ______.
Answer: Crevasse

Question 3. Temperature increases with the increase of altitude in the atmosphere is called ______.
Answer: Inversion of temperature

Question 4. During high tide, huge tidal waves entering through the mouth of a river from the sea are called as _____.
Answer: Tidal bore

Question 5. The wastes which after decomposition mix with air, water and soil are called as ______.
Answer: Biodegradable wastes

Question 6. ______ is the highest part of the Meghalaya Plateau.
Answer: Shillong

Question 7. According to the 2011 census, the percentage of literacy rate in India is ______.
Answer: 74.04

Answer In One Or Two Words (Any Six):

Question 1. What is the name of the Sandy desert in the Sahara?
Answer: Erg

Question 2. In which layer of the atmosphere jet plane flies?
Answer: Stratosphere

Question 3. What is the main food of marine fish?
Answer: Plankton

Question 4. Name one radioactive waste.
Answer: Uranium, Plutonium, Thorium.

Question 5. Which one is the longest river of South India?
Answer: Godavari

Question 6. In which forest of India lion is found?
Answer: Gir Forest in Gujarat

Question 7. Name the common multipurpose river valley project of the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Answer: Damodar Valley Project

Question 8.In which type of map, relief is shown by contour lines?
Answer: Topographical maps

madhyamik physical science question paper 2024

Match The Left Column With The Right Column:

Left column                                                             Right column
Tal                                                                         1. Coffee Research Centre
Jhum Cultivation                                                   2. Diesel Rail Engine
Chikmagalur                                                          3. Lakes in Western Himalayas
Benaras                                                                  4. Soil erosion

Answer:
Tal: 3. Lakes in Western Himalayas
Jhum Cultivation:  4. Soil erosion
Chikmagalur:  1. Coffee Research Centre
Benaras: 2. Diesel Rail Engine

Group C Answer The Following Questions In Brief (Alternatives Should Be Noted):

Question 1. How are the “deflation hollows” formed?
Answer: ‘Deflation hollows’ or deflation basins are formed by sweeping away of loose, light and dry sand particles by wind. They are also known as ‘desert hollows’ or ‘blow-outs’.

Or, What is Iceberg?
Answer:

Iceberg: Huge blocks of ice that break off from glaciers and fall into the sea are called icebergs.

Question 2. What is ‘Chinook’?
Answer:

Chinook: Chinook is a warm, dry, gusty wind blowing down the Rocky mountains by the eastern slopes into the western prairies.

Or, What is the apogean tide?
Answer:

Apogean tide: When the moon is farthest from the earth (4,03,320 km), this position is known as Apogee. Due to the reduced attraction of the moon, the tide is also 20% less high. This is known as Apogean tide.

Question 3. How is the segregation of waste materials done?
Answer:

The separation of wastes at the source of the collection is known as the segregation of wastes. This reduces the cost of transportation, and energy and helps in acquiring organic stock for energy generation. Wastes may be categorised as:
1. Bio-degradable: Kitchen wastes, garden trimmings, paper, etc.
2. Non-biodegradable: Plastics, glass, old medicines, containers, etc.

Or, What do you mean by ‘Recycling the waste’?
Answer:

Waste Recycling: The method by which old items are used once again to produce the same item is called recycling. Ex-paper, glass, plastic, metals, etc. But the materials produced after recycling are lesser in amount than the initial waste material used.

Question 4. Mention two purposes of rainwater harvesting.
Answer:

Two purposes of rainwater harvesting are:

1. It provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions or droughts.
2. It can mitigate flooding of lowlands.

Question 5. State the importance of terrace cultivation.
Answer:

Importance of terrace cultivation

Terrace cultivation, is a method of growing crops on the sides of hills or mountains by planting on graduated terraces built into the slope.

Or, What is Sustainable development?
Answer:

Sustainable development: Sustainable development refers to the process of meeting human development goals while sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide resources and services upon which the economy and society depend. It is the organising principle for sustaining finite resources necessary to provide for the needs of future generations.

Question 6. What is meant by satellite Imagery?
Answer:

Satellite imagery: The images prepared by information sent by the satellites are called satellite imagery. These are prepared by reading and representing the signals sent by the satellites with the help of high technological know-how.

Or, Define a topographical Map.
Answer:

Topographical map: The map that represents the physical as well as cultural features of a place at a time with the help of certain colours and conventional symbols, is called a topographical map.

Group D Give a brief explanatory answer to the following (Alternatives should be noted):

Question 1. Explain why a delta is formed at the mouth of a river. 
Answer:

Formation of Delta: The velocity of the river is almost nil where it meets with the sea. Thus, the heaviest amount of depositions occurs here. The main channel is broken into numerous distributaries as more and more depositions take place. The region acquires a triangular shape and looks like the Greek letter Delta, hence the name.

Or, Why does temperature decrease with the increase of altitude in the Troposphere?
Answer:

Atmospheric temperature decreases with an increase in altitude for the following reasons:

1. Insolation first heats up the earth’s surface. This heat is radiated into the atmosphere, gradually heating the layers from bottom to top.
2. The upper layers of the atmosphere are less dense and can rapidly radiate out heat and get cooled.
3. Pressure is less in the upper levels of the air, hence their heat absorbing capacity is also less.

Question 2. What are the methods of controlling gaseous waste material?
Answer:

Method to control gaseous waste: Wet scrubbing is a method of using a liquid to remove solid, liquid or gaseous wastes and pollutants. The scrubbing liquid is sprayed into the disposed of gas in a spray chamber. Contact with the spray liquid removes the particulate pollutants of the gas. Dry scrubbing is also a popular method.

Or, How are the reduction of waste made?
Answer:

Methods of waste management:

1. Reduction: This is a process of waste minimisation at the source itself, and elimination of harmful and persistent wastes. This involves re-designing of products in order to reduce the production of waste at home, work or other places.
2. Reuse: To reuse is to use an item again after it has been used before. Reuse helps to save time, money, energy and resources. E.g. Packing boxes, gift wrappers, toys, etc.
3. Recycling: Recycling is processing used materials into new, useful products. It helps to save raw materials, energy and money and controls pollution and environmental degradation. E.g. Newspapers, iron items, etc.

Question 3. What do you mean by the ‘Modern Communication System’?
Answer:

Modern Communication System

Communication is the exchange of ideas, information, messages and feelings between people, without any physical movement of people concerned and the system that enables this is called the modern communication system. It can be divided into three parts.

1. Collection of information and messages to be communicated (input).
2. Medium through which the messages will be communicated (through-put).
3. Communicating or enabling the messages to reach successfully (output).

Question 4. What are the differences between Topographical Map and Satellite Imagery?
Answer:

The differences between Topographical Map and Satellite Imagery

Or, State three uses of Topographical Map.
Answer:

Characteristics of Topographical Map:

1. The topo sheets are prepared to precise scales. Hence location or size of objects can be represented accurately.
2. Relief and landforms can be represented by spot heights accurately.
3. The accurate representation of drainage lines helps to understand the drainage pattern and nature of drainage.
4. Representation of settlements, transport system, etc. helps to understand the economic condition of the region.

Group E Answer Any Two Questions From The Following:

Question 1. Describe with sketches the major landforms produced by fluvioglacial deposition.
Answer:

The landforms formed by glacial deposition are:

1. Moraines: Any landform formed by depositions of the valley and continental glaciers is called a moraine. The moraines can be mainly of three types:
(1)Moraines deposited alongside of glacial valley floor are called lateral moraines,
(2)Where two lateral moraines of adjacent glaciers combine, the deposition lying in the middle of the main glacier is called medial moraine,
(3)Moraines deposited at the end of a glacier are called terminal or end moraines.

2. Eskers: Long ridges of material deposited parallel to the direction of the flow of glacial melt water are called eskers. glacial meltwater is called eskers.
3. Erratics: These are depositions of boulders and rock fragments in an area where they are a total mismatch with the surroundings.

4. Drumlins: These are low elongated hills formed by glacial deposits. They are called ‘basket of eggs’ topography.

Question 2. Explain with sketches the origin and direction of planetary winds of the world.
Answer:
Orographic or Relief rain: When clouds on their way dash against hills, plateaus, etc., they rise up. Higher up the clouds condense and then rain falls on the slopes of the mountain and the plateaus. When it goes to the other (opposite) side of the hills, plateaus, etc., it is left with little water vapour.

Therefore, the rainfall is much less on the opposite side. This type of rain is called relief rain as it is caused mainly due to the relief of the land. The opposite side of the hill where the rainfall is much less is called the rain shadow area. The Deccan plateau is an example of a rain-shadow region in India. Orographic or Relief rain.

Question 3. Discuss the major characteristic features of Tropical Monsoon climatic regions.
Answer:

The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word Muslim meaning season. The monsoon wind is a seasonal wing as it is very much associated with rain, it invariably means the rainy season.

Characteristics of this climatic region are stated below:

1. The monsoon winds change their direction according to seasons (in summer and in winter).
2. The summer monsoons bring rains as they come from the seas winter, monsoons remain rainless as they generally blow from the land.
3. Summers are hot and wet, and winters are pleasantly warm and almost rainless.
4. The summer temperature ranges between 27°C and 32°C.
5. The winter temperature varies between 13°C and 22°C.
6. The range of temperature between day and night, and between summer and winter is considerably wide; it is about 10°C to 15°C.
7. The rains come in the latter half of summer.
8. The amount of rainfall varies from place to place according to landform features. Generally, this region has an average rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm.

Question 4. Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents.
Answer:

Causes of Origin of Ocean Currents: The main causes of the origin of ocean currents are:

1. Prevailing winds: The planetary winds or prevailing winds push the surface layers of the ocean water in front of them in a constant flow. If due to seasonal changes, the direction of the wind is changed, the currents also have a similar change in their direction. In Tropical areas, the equatorial currents moving along with trade winds move from east to west. In Temperate regions, westerlies drive the seawater from west to east.

2. Difference in temperature: Temperature is low at the poles and high at the equator. The polar water is cool and becomes heavy and sinks. The equatorial water is warm, light and floats. This creates a convectional current and the polar water moves towards the equator and vice versa.

3. Difference in salinity: The salinity of ocean water varies from place to place. Water of high salinity is denser than water of low salinity. Hence, water of high salinity flows on the surface while the water of high salinity flows at the bottom of the oceans.
4. Rotation of the earth: The rotation of the earth generates a centrifugal force, which causes the generation of currents in the ocean water.

5. Shape of coasts: The shape and direction of the coasts of the landmasses also change the direction of the currents.
6. Centrifugal force: The centrifugal force of the earth is greater at the equator than at the poles. Hence, water currents move from the equatorial region to the poles.

7. Evaporation and rainfall: Evaporation decreases the water level and increases salinity while rainfall increases the water level and decreases salinity. This influences the flow of ocean currents.
8. Melting of ice: The melting of ice raises the sea level and reduces salinity, influencing ocean currents.

Question 5. Give a brief account of the physiography of Western Himalayas of India.
Answer:

Physiography of Western Himalaya: According to SirS. Burrard, the Himalayas are generally regarded as consisting of the following four main sections which are separated from one another by the gorges of rivers which pass through them:

(1)The Punjab HimalayasThis section between the Indus and the Sutlej is known as the Punjab Himalayas. It is also called Jammu-Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh Himalaya because most of this section is located in these two states. This section is 560 kilometres long. The important ranges of this section are the Ladakh, the Pir Panjal, the Dhaoladhar and the Zanskar. The Zoji La pass is at an altitude of 3,444 metres above the sea-level.

(2)The Kumaon Himalayas This section runs for a distance of 320 kilometres between the Satluj and the Kali rivers. This is higher than the Punjab Himalayas. Great rivers like Ganga and Yamuna have their sources in the Kumaon Himalayas.

(3)The Upper HimalayasThis is situated between the Kali and the Tista rivers and is 800 kilometres long. This is the highest part of the Himalayas where lofty peaks like the Mt. Everest, the Kanchenjungha, the Dhaulagiri, the Annapurna, the Makalu, etc. are located. The flat Kathmandu valley is also situated in the Nepal Himalayas.
(4)The Assam HimalayasIt extends for a distance of 720 kilometres between the Tista and the Dihang (Tsangpo-Brahmaputra).

Question 6. Describe the favourable physical conditions required for cultivation of cotton in India.
Answer:

The favourable conditions for growing cotton are:

Geographical:

1. Temperature: 23° – 32°C with an average around 27°C.
2. Sunshine: Plenty of sunshine during the growing period and cooler conditions during harvest.
3. Rainfall: 50-80 cm of rainfall well-distributed during the growing period. But rainfall is injurious after the budding period.
4. Frost: At least 200 frost-free days are required.
5. Soil: Black cotton soil or regular soil is the best for cotton.
6. Land: Flat or undulating land with good drainage and no water logging is good for cotton.

Economic:
1. Labour: Much labour is required for planting, thinning of seedlings, hoeing, an inspection of pests, picking of balls, etc.
2. Transport: Good transport system helps in carrying raw cotton to factories and finished products to markets.
3. Fertilisers and pesticides: Cotton is highly soil-exhaustive. Hence fertilisers are necessary to maintain soil fertility. Pesticides are used to control pest attacks.
4. HYV: High yielding variety of seeds like MCU-4, MCU-5, Hybrid-4, Sujata, Varalaxmi, etc. help to raise the yield of cotton per hectare.

Question 7. Explain the major factors responsible for the development of Iron and Steel industry in Eastern and Central India.
Answer:
Factors responsible for the development of the Iron and Steel Industry: Most of the iron and steel plants of India, such as Jamshedpur, Burnpur, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai and Bokaro are located in Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Chattisgarh. The causes for the concentration of iron and steel plants in eastern India are:

1. Iron ore: About 80% of India’s iron ore is available in this region. The major mines are
(1) Noamundi, Guwa, Budaburu, Pansiraburu of Singhbhum district, Jharkhand,
(2) Gurumahishani, Badampahar, Sulaipat and Bonai of Mayurbhanj district and Bagiyaburu of Keonijhar district, Odisha.

2. Coal: About 97% of India’s coal is mined in this region. The steel plants of Kulti, Burnpur, and Durgapur get their coal from the mines in Raniganj and Asansol. The steel plants of Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Rourkela get their coal from Jharia, Bokaro, Ramgarh and Giridih in Jharkhand.
3. Other raw materials: Limestone, dolomite, manganese, etc. are collected from Kalahandi, Gangapur and Kara put of Odisha. Other raw materials like chromium, tungsten, nickel, etc. are easily collected from the Chotanagpur plateau.

Question 8. Discuss the causes of Urbanisation in India.
Answer:

Causes of Urbanisation in India: The different causes of urbanization in India are

1. Limited size of agricultural land: The limited size of agricultural land in India cannot provide employment to the whole rural population. Hence, unemployment, poverty and other problems push the rural population to the urban centres.
2. Change in thought: The mentality of rural people is also changing. They wish to settle in urban areas for educational facilities, trade, commerce, industrial jobs, etc.

3. Free lifestyle: Urban life is much more liberal and free from superstitions. Rural people thus tend to settle in urban areas.
4. Employment: The scope of employment is much higher and varied in urban areas. Hence, the rural population is attracted towards urban areas.
5. Entertainment: Urban areas have much more scope for entertainment and relaxation. This attracts much rural population.

 

Group A Write The Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives:

Question 1. The process by which natural agents reshape the existing landscape over the earth’s surface is known as
1. Exogenetic process
2. Endogenetic process
3. Orogenetic process
4. Epeirogenetic process

Answer: 1. Exogenetic process

Question 2. The main erosional process of rivers over salt-dominated rock is
1. Abrasion
2. Attrition
3. Hydraulic action
4. Solution

Answer: 4. Solution

Question 3. The uppermost layer of the heterosphere is
1. Hydrogen layer
2. Helium layer
3. Atomic oxygen layer
4. Molecular nitrogen layer

Answer: 1. Hydrogen layer

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Question 4. The instrument by which humidity of air mass is measured
1. Thermometer
2. Barometer
3. Hygrometer
4. Anemometer

Answer: 3. Hygrometer

Question 5. The influence of EL-Nino is observed in
1. Atlantic ocean
2. Pacific ocean
3. Indian ocean
4. Arctic ocean

Answer: 2. Pacific ocean

Question 6. When the distance between the earth and the moon becomes least, the generating tide is called
1. Spring tide
2. Neap tide
3. Perigean tide
4. Apogean tide

Answer: 1. Spring tide

Question 7. The processes of waste management involve
1. Reuse of waste
2. Recycling of waste
3. Reduction of waste
4. All of them

Answer: 4. All of them

Question 8. The youngest state of India is
1. Uttarakhand
2. Telangana
3. Chhattisgarh
4. Goa

Answer: 2. Telangana

Question 9. Dust storms of North-West India in summer is called
1. Kalbaishakhi
2. Andhi
3. Western Disturbance
4. Loo

Answer: 2. Andhi

Question 10. A method followed in India to conserve soil is
1. Irrigation
2. Jhum cultivation
3. Strip cropping
4. Animal rearing

Answer: 3. Strip cropping

Question 11. The state which ranks first in jowar production in India is
1. Maharashtra
2. Uttar Pradesh
3. Bihar
4. West Bengal

Answer: 1. Maharashtra

Question 12. The “silicon valley of India” refers to
1. Chennai
2. Bengaluru
3. Kolkata
4. Delhi

Answer: 2. Bengaluru

Question 13. The longest National Highway in India is
1. National Highway 1
2. National Highway 2
3. National Highway 6
4. National Highway 7

Answer: 4. National Highway 7

Question 14. The R.F. of a topographical map with 15’xl5′ latitudinal and longitudinal extension is
1. 1: 2,50,000
2. 1: 1,00,000
3. 1: 50,000
4. 1: 25,000

Answer: 3. 1: 50,000

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Group B If The Statement Is True, Write ‘True’ And If False, Write ‘False’ Against The Following:

Question 1. Seif dunes are transformed from Barkhan dunes.
Answer: True

Question 2. The ozone layer is known as “Natural sun-screen”.
Answer: True

Question 3. In Mediterranean regions, rainfall generally occurs in summer.
Answer: False

Question 4. The Strait line alignment of the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth is called Syzygy.
Answer: True

Question 5. Most of the rice in India is cultivated in winter as Rabi crop.
Answer: False

Question 6. The most densely populated state of India is West Bengal.
Answer: False

Question 7. Different symbols are used to show geographical features in satellite images.
Answer: False

Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words:

Question 1. The plantation of landmass caused by different exogenic forces is called ______.
Answer: Graduation.

Question 2. Long, narrow, winding, steep-sided, ridges formed by the fluvioglacial deposits of sands and gravels is called __________.
Answer: Esker.

Question 3. In the Rainfall-Temperature graph of any place, if the temperature curve becomes downward during mid of the year then the station lies in _____ hemisphere.
Answer: Southern.

Question 4. ______ force of the earth causes secondary high tide.
Answer: Centrifugal.

Question 5. Air conditioners emit ______ gas into the atmosphere.
Answer: CFC.

Question 6. Bhagirathi and _______ river meet at Devprayag to form the river, Ganga.
Answer: Alakananda.

Question 7. ______ city is called the “Manchester of South India”.
Answer: Coimbatore.

” madhyamik exam 2023 bengali question paper”

Answer In One Or Two Words (Any Six):

Question 1. Name the high land which separates two river systems.
Answer: Watershed

Question 2. What is the relative humidity of saturated air?
Answer: 100%.

Question 3. What type of current originates in tropical oceans?
Answer: Warm current.

Question 4. What type of waste material is plastic?
Answer: Solid waste.

Question 5. Name the highest mountain pass in India.
Answer: Dungri La or Mana pass.

Question 6. Where is the largest mangrove forest of the world located?
Answer: Sundarban.

Question 7. Which soil of India is ideal for cotton cultivation?
Answer: Black soil.

Question 8. Which roadway has connected Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata?
Answer: Golden Quadrilateral.

Match The Left Column With The Right Column:

Left Column                                                      Right Column
ISRO                                                                   1. Kerala
Vembanad                                                          2. Tax-free port of India
Andhi                                                                  3. Indian Space Research Organisation
Kandla                                                                 4. Rajasthan

Answer:
ISRO: 3. Indian Space Research Organisation
Vembanad:  1. Kerala
Andhi: 4. Rajasthan
Kandla: 2. Tax-free port of India

Group C Answer The Following Questions In Brief:

Question 1. How are the bird’s foot deltas formed?
Answer: The deltas that look like a bird’s claw or fingers spreading one beside the other, are called bird’s foot deltas. Eg. Delta of the river Mississippi in North America.

Or, What is Bergschrund?
Answer:

Bergschrund: A bergschrund is a long narrow crack developed at the source of the glacier. This is created when the mass of ice tends to flow down due to gravity and the mountain’s walls tend to hold back the ice due to friction.

Question 2. Mention two characteristic features of jet streams.
Answer:

Characteristic features of Jet Streams:

1. It blows from west to east.
2. Length of the jet stream can be a few thousand kilometers.

Or, What is a tidal bore?
Answer:

Tidal Bore: When a tide enters the narrow and shallow estuary of a river, the front of the tidal wave appears to be vertical, owing to the piling of water of the river against the tidal wave and friction against the river bed. The steep-nosed tide crest looks like a vertical water of water rushing upstream. This is called a Tidal Bore.

Question 3. What do you mean by landfills in waste management?
Answer:

Landfill: Landfilling is the most common method of waste disposal, where the wastes are buried underground. But this method is not of much use in modern days, as this requires a huge vacant land for this purpose.

Or, What is meant by recycling of waste?
Answer:

Waste Recycling: The method by which old items are used once again to produce the same item is called recycling. Ex-paper, glass, plastic, metals, etc. But the materials produced after recycling are lesser in amount than the initial waste material used.

Question 4. Define “Burst of Monsoon”.
Answer:

Burst of Monsoon

The southwest monsoon in India is noted for its dramatic arrival with a rainy spell of weather continuing for some days. It is called the ‘burst’ which takes place by the end of May in Kerala, and by the 7th of June in West Bengal. By July the whole of India is brought under the influence of monsoon.

Or, Mention two purposes of “Social Forestry”.
Answer:

Purposes of “Social Forestry”

Social forestry is a philosophy of growing trees/forests outside the periphery of well-known forested areas with different governmental statuses. It includes farm forestry, rural extension forestry, roadside plantation or agriculture and urban or recreational forestry, etc.

Question 5. What do you mean by subsistence agriculture?
Answer:

Subsistence Agriculture: The practice of agriculture in which small landholdings are cultivated with primitive methods and tools, and the product is almost entirely consumed by the family members of the farmers, with a little surplus for sale, is called subsistence farming. This type of agriculture is mainly practiced for survival.

Or, Define Information Technology industry.
Answer:

Information Technology industry

Information Technology is the application of computers and telecommunication equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data in the context of a business or other enterprise. The term is now used as a synonym for computers and computer networks. Several other industries associated with Information Technology are —computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet; telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services.

Question 6. What are the Geostationary satellites?
Answer:

Geo-stationary Satellite: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) remain above a fixed location on the earth’s surface, approximately 22,500 km above the equator. They rotate at the same speed as the earth and so they always view the same portion of the globe.

Or, What is “Remote sensing”?
Answer:

“Remote sensing”

Remote sensing is the method of gathering information about any region or object on the earth’s surface or the surface of other planets from a considerable distance, without coming in physical contact. This information helps in analyzing the region or the object.

Group D Give Brief Explanatory Answers To The Following:

Question 1. Why wind action is dominant in desert regions?
Answer: Although the wind blows over the whole of the earth, its action is predominant in arid regions.

This is because:
1. No obstacle in wind direction: In desert regions, due to lack of rainfall, there is no or very less vegetation cover. Thus wind blows unhindered at high speed.

2. Loose and exposed soil: Lack of vegetation makes the soil loose and exposed to wind action.
3. High diurnal range of temperature: Great difference between day and night temperature causes rocks to crack and break due to contraction and expansion. This makes the work of the wind easier.

Or, Discuss the differences between sea breeze and land breeze,
Answer:

Differences between sea breeze and land breeze:

Sea Breeze	Land Breeze
1. It blows during the daytime.	1. It blows during the nighttime.
2. It blows from the sea towards the land.	2. It blows from the land towards the sea.
3. It happens due to unequal heating of land and sea.	3. It happens due to unequal rates of radiating heat by land and sea.

Question 2. State the differences between bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes.
Answer:

Bio-degradable wastes:
1. Complex biotic materials are converted to simple biotic materials.
2. Generated from plant and animal wastes.
3. Eg: wood, paper, kitchen wastes, food remains, etc.

Non-biodegradable wastes:
1. Wastes cannot be converted to simple substances.
2. Generated from sources other than plants and animals.
3. Eg: polythene, PVC, plastic, DDT, etc.

Or, What are the advantages of the waste composting process?
Answer:

Advantages of the waste composting process:
1. It helps to increase the biotic or organic components of the soil.
2. The compost formed is highly useful in agriculture.
3. Composting helps to largely reduce the number of solid biodegradables.

Question 3. Discuss about three major uses of satellite imageries.
Answer:

Uses of satellite imageries:

1. The satellite imageries may be of the total hemisphere or a segment of the earth’s surface.
2. Information on relief, and physical processes, such as works of rivers, wind, glaciers, etc., distribution or resources, groundwater resources, etc. can be gathered easily by studying satellite imageries.
3. Imageries of rugged terrains, such as mountainous regions can be captured easily.

Or, Give an account of different types of scales used in “topographical maps”.
Answer:

Different types of scales used in “topographical maps” are

Map scale represents the relationship between the distance of any two points on the map and the actual distance between the same two points on the ground. It can be expressed as a map distance between two points Scale – the ground distance between the same two points
The scale of the topographical map is found at the bottom centre of the map. There are three ways in which the scale of a map is expressed :
1. Statement scale.
2. Representative fractions and
3. Linear scale.

1. Statement scale: The statement scale or verbal scale states what distance on the map is equal to what distance on the ground, (for example, 2 cm -1 km). These scales are not usually printed on the topographical map.

2. Representative fraction: Representative fraction (R.F.) or fractional scale (for example 1: 50,000). Fractional scales do not have units. This scale is the ratio of the map distance to the equivalent distance on the ground using the same unit for both. There is flexibility to choose units.

So, we can write, 1 cm on the map = 50,000 cm on the ground or, 1 m on the map = 50,000 m on the ground, and so on.
We can convert the R.F. into a verbal scale.
Example: Convert 1: 50,000 into a statement of scale 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm on the ground or, 1cm: 50,000 cm.
or, 1cm: 50,000/100,000 km or, 1 cm : 1/2 km or, 1 cm : 0.5 km.

3. Linear scale: This is just a line drawn on a map of known ground length. It represents the same relationship by means of a straight line which is divided into certain lengths, each of which represents a certain distance on the ground. It has usually a primary division and a second division. This scale allows quick visual estimation of distance. This scale will remain valid if it is enlarged or reduced by the same amount.

Group E Answer Any Two Questions From The Followings:

Question 1. Describe with sketches the landforms developed by the combined action of wind and running water in the arid region.
Answer:

The different landforms formed by the combined action of water and wind in a desert region are:

1. Wadi: In deserts, sudden torrential rains lead to the formation of valleys through which the collected rainwater may flow like a river. In the dry season, these valleys also remain dry.

2. Playa: Playas are small lakes found in deserts. They are highly saline and the water cannot be used for agricultural or household purposes.
3. Pediment: Pediment refers to the eroded and lowered plainlands that lie at the foot of the mountains.
4. Bajada: Bajada refers to the deposition of materials brought down by wind as well as water and deposited beyond the pediment.

Question 2. Explain three major factors responsible for temperature variation in the atmosphere.
Answer:

The word monsoon is derived from the Arabic word Muslim meaning season. The monsoon wind is a seasonal wing as it is very much associated with rain, it invariably means the rainy season.

Characteristics of this climatic region are stated below:

1. The monsoon winds change their direction according to seasons (in summer and in winter).
2. The summer monsoons bring rains as they come from the seas winter, monsoons remain rainless as they generally blow from the land.
3. Summers are hot and wet, and winters are pleasantly warm and almost rainless.
4. The summer temperature ranges between 27°C and 32°C.
5. The winter temperature varies between 13°C and 22°C.
6. The range of temperature between day and night, and between summer and winter is considerably wide; it is about 10°C to 15°C.
7. The rains come in the latter half of summer.
8. The amount of rainfall varies from place to place according to landform features. Generally, this region has an average rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm.

Question 3. Give a brief account of the influences of Global Warming.
Answer:

The influences of global warming are discussed below:

1. Melting of glaciers: Global warming increases the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, which results in the melting of ice caps and glaciers. This will submerge coastal areas due to an increase in the level of seawater. The fluvial cycles will be disturbed and landforms will change. Many flora and fauna may be destroyed.

2. Climatic change: The northern hemisphere will become hotter than the southern hemisphere due to the presence of more landmasses here. The amount of rainfall in Tropical, regions will increase by 10-15%. The northern countries may experience flood and the southern countries will experience drought in the northern hemisphere. Summers will be longer. The chances of thunderstorms and cyclones will increase.

3. Ecosystem: Change in climate due to global warming may result in the extinction of many species of birds, animals and plants.

4. Spread of diseases: The germs and bacteria will become highly active and spread diseases like Dengue, Malaria, Yellow Fever, Encephalitis, etc. Some tropical diseases may spread to higher latitudes also.

5. Spread of deserts: High temperatures and high rates of evaporation will turn many places arid and hence boost the spread of deserts.

6. Effect on vegetation and agriculture: Excessive heat may hamper the growth of coniferous trees in hilly areas. Mangroves may be drowned due to the rise in sea water level. Some crops like rice, wheat, barley, soybean, tobacco, jute, etc. will reduce their growth.

Question 4. Describe the favorable physical conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane.
Answer:

Favourable physical conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane are as follows:

1. Temperature: Average annual temperature of 21°-27°C is favorable for the growth of sugarcane.
2. Rainfall: Average annual rainfall of 75-100 cm is necessary. If rainfall is lesser, irrigation is required.
3. Soil: Sugarcane grows best in loamy soil, black soil, alluvial soil, etc. It does not grow in alkaline salts.
4. Relief: Flat or gently rolling plains are suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane.

question 5. Discuss five reasons responsible for the uneven distribution of population in India.
Answer:

Reasons responsible for the uneven distribution of population in India

The regional distribution of the population of India is characterized by its unevenness. There are certain factors that influence the distribution of the population.

They are as follows :

1. Terrain: Plain areas provide a flat, level or gently sloping land for agriculture, development of transport, industries, etc., and attract a large number of people as compared to inaccessible mountains. We, therefore find a higher concentration of population (more than half of India’s population) in the great northern plains of India.

2. Climate: Sparse population is noticed in the cold Himalayan mountains and in the Thar desert having extremes of temperature and dry climate. In India, monsoon rain plays a vital role in determining the concentration of people. The southwest monsoon rains decrease westwards along the Indo-Gangetic plain. The concentration of the population also follows this trend.

3. Soil: Fertile soil supports higher crop production. So, in India areas with fertile soil have a dense population. Therefore, river valleys, coastal plains, black soil regions of the Deccan plateau, etc. have a dense population.

4. Water bodies: A large number of people gather near the sources of water, which is very essential for the sustenance of life. In India, the river valleys, the coastal plains and the areas around lakes are, therefore, thickly populated.

5. Mineral Resources: Mining is an important occupation of people in India next to agriculture. So, a large number of people in India live in the Chotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand, the storehouse of minerals in India.

6. Industries: Industries are called the backbone of a country’s economy. They provide employment to a large number of people, and so, in India industrial areas in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Orissa, and West Bengal have a high concentration of population.

7. Transport: Population concentration is high in areas with a well-knit network of transport routes. Hence the Great Northern plains of India are thickly populated. Remote mountainous areas with poor transport facilities are sparsely populated.

8. Urbanisation: Urban (city) areas with more civic amenities attract a larger number of people than the villages. So, urbanised areas like Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Chandigarh, etc. have population densities of over 6000 persons sq. km.

9. Historical and Political factors: After the partition of Bengal, the population of West Bengal grew up due to the influx of people from the other side of Bengal.

10. Religious influence: Varanasi, Mathura, Haridwar, Nabadweep, and Puri, the sacred religious centers of the Hindus, Agra of the Muslims, and Amritsar of the Sikhs are densely populated due to religious factors.

Group – A

Choose The Correct Answer:

Question 1. The history of Calcutta Science College can be found in the
1. History of photography
2. History of sports and games
3. History of science and technology
4. History of the environment

Answer: 3. History of science and technology

Question 2. ‘Bangadarshan’ was first published in
1. 1818 A.D
2. 1858 A.D.
3. 1872 A.D.
4. 1875 A.D.

Answer: 3. 1872 A.D.

Question 3. The name that does not go with the spread of Western Education in India is
1. Raja Rammohan Roy
2. David Hare
3. Kaliprasanna Sinha
4. Drinkwater Bethune

Answer: 3. Kaliprasanna Sinha

Question 4. ‘Brahmananda’ was
1. Debendranath Tagore
2. Radhakanta Deb
3. Keshab Chandra Sen
4. Shibnath Shastri

Answer: 3. Keshab Chandra Sen

Question 5. The ideals of ‘Sarva Dharma Samanyay’ were propagated by
1. Shibnath Shastri
2. Swami Vivekananda
3. Sri Ramakrishna
4. Raja Rammohan Roy

Answer: 3. Sri Ramakrishna

Question 6. The Kol Rebellion (1831-32) took place in
1. North Bengal
2. East Bengal
3. Chotanagpur
4. Bhagalpur

Answer: 3. Chotanagpur

Question 7. The Barasat revolt was led by
1. Dudu Mian
2. Digambar Biswas
3. Titu Mir
4. Birsa Munda

Answer: 3. Titu Mir

Question 8. The first Viceroy of India appointed in accordance with the Queen’s Proclamation (1858) was
1. Lord Dalhousie
2. Lord Canning
3. Lord Bentinck
4. Lord Mountbatten

Answer: 2. Lord Canning

Question 9. The person associated with the activities of Indian Association was
1. Keshab Chandra Sen
2. Surendranath Bandyopadhyay
3. Harish Chandra Mukhopadhyay
4. Gaganendranath Tagore

Answer: 2. Surendranath Bandyopadhyay

Question 10. The odd source in the following is
1. Bharatmata
2. Gora
3. Anandamath
4. Bartaman Bharat

Answer: 1. Bharatmata

Question 11. Roy and Sons had taken up the role of spreading
1. Science education in Bengal
2. Medical education in Bengal
3. Western education in Bengal
4. Printing technology in Bengal

Answer: 4. Printing technology in Bengal

Question 12. Bose Institute was founded by
1. Jagadish Chandra Bose
2. Chandramukhi Bose
3. Satyendranath Bose
4. Subhash Chandra Bose

Answer: 1. Jagadish Chandra Bose

Question 13. Eka movement occurred during
1. Anti-partition movement of Bengal
2. Non-Cooperation movement
3. Civil disobedience movement
4. Quit India movement

Answer: 2. Non-Cooperation movement

Question 14. The All India Trade Union Congress was founded in
1. 1917 A.D.
2. 1927 A.D.
3. 1920 A.D.
4. 1929 A.D.

Answer: 3. 1920 A.D.

Question 15. Workers and Peasants party was associated with
1. Rowlatt Satyagraha
2. Non-Cooperation movement
3. Bardoli Satyagraha
4. Simon Commission boycott movement

Answer: 3. Bardoli Satyagraha

Question 16. The woman associated with the Civil Disobedience movement was
1. Bina Das
2. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
3. Kalpana Dutta
4. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain

Answer: 3. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay

Question 17. The Chittagong armoury raid was led by
1. Bhagat Singh
2. Binoy Bose
3. Surya Sen
4. Rashbehari Bose

Answer: 3. Surya Sen

Question 18. The word ‘Harijan’ instead of ‘Dalit7 was first used by
1. B. R. Ambedkar
2. Mahatma Gandhi
3. Jogendranath Mondal
4. E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker

Answer: 2. Mahatma Gandhi

Question 19. The State Reorganization Commission was formed in
1. 1947 A.D.
2. 1950 A.D.
3. 1953 A.D
4. 1956 A.D

Answer: 3. 1953 A.D

Question 20. Which of the following was not a princely state?
1. Bombay
2. Bhopal
3. Hyderabad
4. Jaipur

Answer: 2. Bhopal

Group -B

Answer Each Of The Following Questions In One Sentence:

Question 1. What is the name of the autobiography of Sarala Devi Chaudhurani?
Answer: Jibaner Jharapata.

Question 2. Who founded the periodical Bangadarshan?
Answer: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

Question 3. In which year was Bengal Technical Institute established?
Answer: 1906.

Question 4. Which association was Lila Nag (Roy) associated with?
Answer: Deepali Sangha.

Identify Which Of The Following Is True or False: Match column ‘A’ with column ‘B’:

Question 1. Sri Ramakrishna founded the Ramakrishna Mission.
Answer: False

Question 2. Mir Nissar Ali built the Bansherkella (bamboo fort).
Answer: True

Question 3. The Mopla movement was a labour movement.
Answer: False

Question 4. Matangini Hazra was the leader of the Anti-Partition movement.
Answer: False

Match column ‘A’ with column ‘B’:

A                                                B
Rammohan Roy                      1. Land Holders7 Society
B.R. Ambedkar                        2. Anglo-Hindu College
Ballavbhai Patel                      3. Dalit movement
Radhakanta Deb                     4. Bardoli movement

Answer:
Rammohan Roy: 4. Bardoli movement
B.R. Ambedkar: 1. Land Holders Society
Ballavbhai Patel: 2. Anglo-Hindu College
Radhakanta Deb: 3. Dalit movement

Fill In The Blanks:

Question 1. One of the leaders of the Sannyasi-Fakir revolt was _____.
Question 2. The newspaper ______ stood for the Indigo revolt.
Question 3. Raj Narain Bose was involved in _____.
Question 4. Hyderabad was included in the Indian Union in the year _____.

Answer:
1. Bhabani Pathak
2. Hindu Patriot
3. Young Bengal
4. 1949.

Select The Correct Interpretation Of The Following Statements:

Statement 1: Raja Rammohan Roy wrote a letter to Lord Amherst.
Interpretation 1. He appealed for the abolition of Sati.
Interpretation 2. He appealed for the spread of Western Education in India.
Interpretation 3. He appealed for the spread of Sanskrit Education in India.

Answer:
Interpretation 2. He appealed for the spread of Western Education in India.

Statement 2: Rabindranath Tagore wrote the novel ‘Gora’.
Interpretation 1. He wanted to criticize Western Education.
Interpretation 2. He wanted to criticize the colonial administration.
Interpretation 3. He wanted to criticize parochial nationalism.

Answer:
Interpretation 3. He wanted to criticize parochial nationalism.

Statement 3: The National Council of Education was founded in 1906 A.D.
Interpretation 1. For the development of scientific research
Interpretation 2. For the development of technical education
Interpretation 3. For the spread of national education

Answer:
Interpretation 2. For the development of technical education

Statement 4: The Government of India framed the Meerut Conspiracy Case in 1929.
Interpretation 1. The purpose was to suppress revolutionaries.
Interpretation 2. The purpose was to suppress the Civil Disobedience movement.
Interpretation 3. The purpose was to suppress nationwide socialist activities.

Answer:
Interpretation 3. The purpose was to suppress nationwide socialist activities.

Group -C

Answer The Following Questions In Two Or Three Sentences:

Question 1. How can an autobiography be used as a source of history?
Answer:

When a person writes unadulterated truth about himself, it is called an autobiography; and memories are personal reminiscences. Hence, it is possible to get authentic information about the events and people of that time from these materials. Some well-known autobiographies are: ‘Jiban Smriti’ of Rabindranath Tagore, ‘Atmacharit’ by Debendra Nath Tagore, ‘Ramtanu Lahiri 0 Totkalin Bango Samaj by Sibnath Shastri, ‘A Nation in the Making’ by Surendra Nath Banerjee, ‘Discovery of India’ by Jawaharlal Nehru, ‘India Wins Freedom’ by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, etc.

Question 2. Why did the British Government ban the publication of the periodical ‘Somprakash’ in 1878?
Answer:

The Government banned the publication of the magazine because it had protested against the ‘Vernacular Press Act’ in 1878.

Question 3. Who were known as the ‘Young Bengal Society?
Answer:

The students of Hindu college started a strong nationalist reform Movement under the inspiration of their teacher Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. This movement is known as the ‘Young Bengal Movement’. The followers of Derozio were known as Deozians or “Young Bengal”.

Question 4. Mention any two social reform activities of the Brahmo Samaj.
Answer:

Two activities of the Brahmo movement were:

1. Removal of social evils like child marriage, casteism, and untouchability prevailing in Indian society.
2. Emancipation of women’s class by propagating the freedom of women, women’s education, women’s liberty, etc.

Question 5. What is meant by revolution?
Answer:

Revolution:

The word ‘revolution’ means a rapid change in society and thoughts against traditional defective systems and society. Its main objective is to change anything for the benefit of man and civilization. Revolution does not become imperative unless a great change takes place through rebellion and uprising.

Question 6. What was the main objective of the Munda rebellion?
Answer:

The main objective of the Munda Rebellion was to protect the ownership of the Munda people on their property which was threatened by the company’s policy of individual ownership.

Question 7. What is meant by the ‘Age of Associations’?
Answer:

‘Age of Associations’

The whole of the nineteenth century has seen the formation and development of many such associations. So, Cambridge historian Dr Anil Sil, in his book ‘The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Late Nineteenth Century’ has called this period as “an age of associations”.

Question 8. How did Gaganendranath Tagore criticise colonial society?
Answer:

Through his cartoons, Gaganendranath criticised colonialism in contemporary society. He criticised certain sections of the British Indian colonialist society and the ‘babu culture’ of western educated people through his cartoons and was able to enhance the fondness for traditional Indian culture among the Bengali gentry.

Question 9. How did printed books take a key role in the spread of education?
Answer:

During the 18-19 centuries the Indian common folk were largely illiterate and would have remained so for many centuries. But some educated enlightened Indians and a small number of professional people who lived and worked in towns, however, felt the need of books. In India in the past, like in many Western countries, copyists multiplied books by hand. But with the introduction of printing, textbooks of all sorts, English and vernacular, grammar, and elementary books were published that catered to the needs of the people.

Question 10. With what objective was Sriniketan founded?
Answer:

The objectives behind the foundation of Sriniketan were:

1. Creation of universal man.
2. The whole world’s knowledge to be brought in a single place.

Question 11. Who was Baba Ram Chandra?
Answer:

Baba Ram Chandra was an Indian trade unionist who organised the farmers of Oudh into forming a united front to fight against the abuses of landlords in the 1920s & 1930s.

Question 12. What were the actions taken by the Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar? Why is Bina Das famous?
Answer:

Tamrolipta Jatiya Sarkar of Tamluk, West Bengal was an independent local government which set up Police Stations, Military Departments, Courts and even a system for revenue collection. Bina Das was an eminent revolutionist & nationalist of Bengal.

Question 13. Why is ‘Rashid Ali day’ observed?
Answer:

Captain Rashid Ali of Azad Hind Fauj was imprisoned for 7 years. Students of Calcutta strongly protested for the release of Rashid Ali. Rashid Ali Day was observed on 12 February 1946.

Question 14. How can a memoir be used as a source of the history of the refugee problem?
Answer:

We come to know about post-partition riots, murders, torture of women and sorry tales of the refugees from the memoirs of Kalidas Nag. Books such as, ‘Dhakar Chithi’ or ‘Letter from Dhaka’ by Saralananda Sen, ‘Udbastu’ or Refugees by Hiranmoy Bandyopadhyay, ‘And the Uprooted’ the book written by Kanti Pakrashi, etc. bring out the emotional history of that time in front of the present generation.

Question 15. Who was Potti Sreeramalu?
Answer:

Potti Sreeramalu:

Potti Sreeramalu was an Indian revolutionary. A devout follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he worked for much of his life for humanitarian causes, including support for the Dalit community. He is revered as Amarajeevi in the Andhra region for his self-sacrifice for the Andhara cause.

Group D

Answer The Following Questions In 7 Or 8 Sentences:

Question 1. Discuss the role of Raja Rammohan Roy in the spread of Western Education.
Answer:

The role of Raja Rammohan Roy in the spread of Western Education

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was like an angel who delivered Indian society into the modern world. Through the prism of western education, he could see that the Bengali religious world was not only very complex but also very inclusive. To get into the essence of religions he read the Upanishads in Sankrit, Koran in Arabic, New Testament in Greek and in Hebrew read the Talmud and the Old Testament. On reading these he came to the conclusion that all religious dogmas are meaningless.
Ram Mohan was vehemently opposed to polygamy and child marriage of girls. Ram Mohan (1772-1833) was very impressed with western education and the development of science in the west. He challenged the mouthpiece of the old school of thought, the Samachar Chandrika, through his own Samachar Darpan, Sambad Kumudi, Calcutta Journal, Indian Gazette, and the Friends of India. When in 1829 Bentinck banned the Sati practice through the Regulation-XVIl, Ram Mohan sent him a congratulatory letter. Ram Mohan was highly impressed with western education. He had a special role to play in the establishment of the Hindu College in 1817. He gave special attention to western science, philosophy, law, economics and political science.

Question 2. Discuss briefly the role of Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar in the spread of women’s education.
Answer:

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: The message that Ishwar Chandra brought for the welfare of women was the greatest event after Ram Mohan. He completed the unfinished effort of reform by Ram Mohan Roy.

Spread of women’s education:
(1) He formed the ‘Female Juvenile Society’ with the help of Drinkwater Bethune. Bethune school and college were established with their help.
(2) He founded ‘Sri Sikhsa Sammilani’ in Midnapore, Hoogly, Burdwan, etc. for the expansion of female education.
(3) The most important event was that he founded 35 girls’ schools without any government grant. The number of girl students in these schools was 1300.
(4) He founded ‘Metropolitan Institution’ in 1870 A.D. by challenging George Campbell. Thus, Amlesh Tripathi aptly called him a ‘Traditional Modernizer’. Madhusudan Dutta rightly said, “Vidyasagar had the genius and wisdom of an ancient sage, the energy of an Englishman and the heart of a Bengali mother”.

Question 3. What was the historical significance of the Queen’s Proclamation (1858)?
Answer:

The historical significance of the Queen’s Proclamation (1858)

Introduction: The mismanagement of East India Company and the constant news of suffering with pain at the hand of the Company made the Queen think and then take up a complete decision to bring an end to the Company’s rule and also to transfer the power of administration in India into the hand of the Government of England. This proclamation was read by Lord Canning in a Grand Durbar at Allahabad on November 1, 1858. It declared the principles on which the Government of India was to be conducted in future. The Indian princes were assured that their rights and honour would be respected. They were also told that the treaties that they had entered with the Company would be honoured and their right of adoption would be recognised. The government assured that it would not interfere in the social and religious matters of Indians. Promises to the people of India The proclamation also laid down that the people of India would be considered eligible for all public offices, provided they were fit for them. The Government would make no distinction of caste, colour or creed in this matter. It is easy to tell than to implement. “The period of administration by the crown was thus a period of broken pledges”.

Question 4. How did the novel Anandamath help in the spread of nationalist spirit?
Answer:

Importance of Anandamath: The great writer Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838-1898) helped in the development of militant nationalism in India through his essays and novels. This emotion was refined and exquisitely expressed in his novel ‘Anandamath’. Written in 1882, this was the first historical novel by Bankim Chandra. In ‘Anandamath’ he has portrayed the self-sacrifice of a group of patriots. This book influenced the youth to develop patriotism and groom them in militant nationalism. Barrister Promothonath Mitra used the term ‘Anushilan Samiti’ (1902) from this book. For the revolutionaries of the ‘Anushilon Samiti’, ‘Anandamath’ was like a nationalist Bible. In this novel, the two characters of ‘Shanti’ and ‘Bhabananda’ were extremely strong of mind. At the request of Surendranath Banerjee, Bankim Chandra composed the song ‘Bande Mataram’ in 1875, which was later included in ‘Anandamath’ as a guiding force. Through the song ‘Bande Mataram’ in this novel, Bankim Chandra portrayed a real-life picture of India, our motherland. So, ‘Anandamath’ is considered to be an immortal creation of Bankim Chandra.

Question 5. Discuss the role of Upendra Kishore Roy Chowdhury in the development of the printing press in Bengal.
Answer:

Upendrakishor Roy: Upendrakishore Roy Choudhury (12th March, 1863-20th December 1915) was better known as Upendrakishore Roy. He was a prominent Bengali writer, artist, violin player and composer and was also an entrepreneur. He was the first person to introduce colour printing in Bengal after it was started in western countries. Though he was born in the Kishorganj district of Bangladesh, his professional life was spent in Calcutta. He pioneered in the introduction of the modern halftone blocks in South Asia. He had realized that the use of wooden blocks for printing his book Cheleder Ramayan was very outdated. So he went to England and learnt the craft of printing with modern blocks, and in 1895, came to India and started a successful business of making modern printing blocks.

In 1913 he was the first Bengali in Asia to start a coloured printing press. This press went by the name U. Roy & Sons and was located at 100 Garpar Road. He was also an expert in drawing building answer: His son Sukumar Roy obtained an engineering degree in printing technology from the University of Manchester. Upendra Kishore made a stellar contribution to children’s literature. One of their famous works ‘Goopi Gayen Bagha Bayen’ was successfully filmed by his grandson Satyajit Ray. Besides this, his other works included ‘Tutunir Boi’ and ‘Cheleder Mahabharat’. He started the first coloured children’s magazine ‘Sandesh’. Though the publishing house U. Roy & Sons was a business house, many of the creations of Upendra Kishore and his son Sukumar Roy were published from this place.

Question 6. Discuss Tagore’s concept of education in setting up Visvabharati.
Answer:

Tagore’s concept of education in setting up Visvabharati:

Gurudev Rabindranath took the initiative for the creation of Visva Bharati. He shared his ideas first to some Gujarati businessmen. Then he used the word Visva Bharati for the first time in the magazine Shantiniketan. Finally in 1918, on 23rd December he established Visva Bharati. The actual work for the institution started on the 18th of July 1919. He was helped in his efforts by Charles Frear Andrews. Also, he was influenced by the Madras-based National University which was set up by Annie Besant.
Visva Bharati will be the home for students from all over the world. It will be a residence for the entire world’s knowledgeable personalities who will congregate here to discuss and evaluate their knowledge.

The ideals of Rabindranath and the entire world will merge at Visva Bharati. The poet has said that a nation’s imparted education gives way to the ways of life in that country. In India, he said that the current education ensures that a person will become a clerk or a daroga (head constable). Modern education is very difficult to introduce in a country full of tillers and potters. In no other educated country, this is possible. An ideal school, according to Rabindranath, should be a place where economics, agricultural science, health sciences and all other practical sciences should be taught which will help in making the lives of his countrymen easier. This school should be a place where students study subjects that the average Indian usually deals in like cow rearing, cloth weaving, existing economic systems and even the lives of the Adivasis in the country.

The idea of Shantiniketan was to merge the thoughts and philosophies of all countries of the world with those of India. The University came up in the Bolepur district of Bengal and it was set up a month after the end of the First World War. The war had a great influence on the poet and he wanted to create an institution which valued world peace. Simply looking for essential an identity for oneself in the world is not enough, the objectives of Visva Bharati are far wider. It is to realize oneself, it is to feel oneself; through others also. Man will achieve salvation here through interaction with other men. These ideals were the basis of the formation of Visva Bharati. Born out of Colonialism, Shantiniketan is a historic name in the annals of history. Ten years after Rabindranath’s death, Visva Bharati was given the status of a Central University its first Chancellor was Jawaharlal Nehru and the first Vice-Chancellor was Rathindranath Tagore, the poet’s son.

Question 7. Analyse the nature of women’s participation in the armed revolutionary movement.
Answer:

Role of Women in the Armed Revolutionary Movement: It is noted in history that men and women had fought together in the armed revolutionary movement in India. If we analyse the characteristic features of the movement, it will be observed that women started showing interest in the armed revolution towards the last part of the nineteenth century. This era was called the ‘Age of Freedom of Captive Women’. Women had actively taken part in armed movements during the period from the first decade of the twentieth century to the third decade.

The women were inspired by the regeneration, spread of education among women, nationalist feelings and patriotism in general, and joined the armed movement to free the Motherland from captivity. Gandhiji iterated in the journal ‘Young India’ that it was essential for women to join the movement to free their Motherland. The direct role of women in this movement was to boycott all foreign goods, picket, and fast. Indirectly, it was their duty to secretly supply arms to the revolutionaries, pass information from one source to another, safeguard houses and protect the revolutionaries from police in different ways.

Mrs Vikaji Rustamji Kama, who is known as the mother of Indian revolutionary ideals, told a gathering outside India in 1910, “Remember, the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. These soft hands build the national character. So, please do not ignore these strong hands”.

Question 8. Discuss the main point of debate of Gandhi and Ambedkar regarding the rights of Dalits.
Answer:

The debate between Gandhi and Ambedkar regarding Dalit rights: There is little doubt that both Gandhi and Ambedkar were very much aware of the problem of the untouchability of the Dalits. Yet there was a sharp difference between the two regarding the Dalit issue.
1. That there was little in common in the perception between the two came to the forefront in the early 30s of the nineteenth century.
2. Gandhiji refused to view the Dalits as a minority who should be given political safeguards. Rather he considered it essentially a social problem, and that was to be tackled by the Hindu community itself. Contrarily, Ambedkar, describing the Dalits as ‘slaves’, advocated for communal representation of the Dalits on the ground that ‘untouchability constitutes a definite set of interests which the untouchables alone can speak for.
3. Throughout the 1920s, Ambedkar had a soft spot for Gandhi as he took him as one different from the elitist Brahmanic leaders he (Ambedkar) hated. The real break between the two surfaced during the events of the Round Table Conference of 1932.
4. In the two Round Table Conferences Ambedkar ended up supporting a separate electorate for the untouchables (Dalits).
But this proved to be too much for Gandhiji. For him, the untouchables were a part of Hinduism and a separate electorate for them would create a division in Hinduism. Subsequent Communal Award and Gandhi’s fast unto death led to the Poona Pact of 1932. It must, however, be remembered that Ambedkar’s agreement in signing the Poona Pact was by no means due to his ‘change of heart’. It was Gandhi’s ‘pressure tactics’ that compelled Ambedkar to soften his stand and accept the compromise formula of the Poona Pact. Later on, Ambedkar expressed his unhappiness over the issue and this in the long run increased his bitterness towards Gandhiji.

Group -E

Answer Any One Question In 15 Or 16 Sentences:

Question 1. What were the causes of the Indigo revolt? Analyse the characteristics of this revolt.
Answer:

Causes:

1. Growth of Planter System: Gradually, a class of professional indigo planters made a monopoly in Indigo cultivation in Bengal and Bihar. Many servants of the company gave up their job and became planters. The Charter Act of 1813 permitted English planters to purchase land directly and start indigo factories. As a result planters from Europe, the West Indies and South America flocked to India and purchased Zamindari and started Indigo cultivation.

2. Expansion of Indigo cultivation by force: The areas under indigo cultivation were divided into two sections ‘elaka-chas’ (belonging to planters) and ‘be-elakas-chas’ (belonging to ryots). In the ‘Melaka chas’, the planter had to cultivate at their own expense. But in ‘be-Melaka-chas’, the planter gave some amount as advance and indigo was cultivated at the labour and expense of farmers or ryots. The planter, therefore, tried for the expansion of be-lakes lands.

3. Miserable condition of ryots :
1. Ryots had to suspend the cultivation of paddy, pulses, etc. As a result, their families began to starve.
2. The planters generally forced the ryots to cultivate indigo in be-Melaka chas so that the planters could reap 100% profit.
3. The ryots were humiliated, tortured and exploited.

Features of Indigo Revolt:
1. Indigo Revolt was quite spontaneous and there was no instigation from outside to the ryots.
2. The movement had no central organisation or brain to guide it.
3. The movement did not get any middle-class urban leadership, and no support from Calcutta Middle Class. Sisir Kr. Ghosh and Harish Chandra Mukherjee lent support out of their own humanism, liberalism and general sympathy for Bengal.
4. It was a mass movement. Nearly 60 lakh peasants joined the revolt. According to Amrit Bazar Patrika, “Indigo was the first mass movement against it.”
5. Indigo revolt was a secular movement. Hindu and Muslim peasants both joined the movement to resist the planters.

Question 2. Analyse the nature and characteristics of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:

Nature of the Great Revolt of 1857: Historians differ regarding the nature of the Great Revolt. Some infer that it is a Sepoy Mutiny or some say it is the First War of Independence. “Whatever might have its original character, it soon became a symbol of challenge to the mighty British power in India”. (Dr. R.C. Majumdar).

Sepoy Mutiny: The most popular. nature of the Great Revolt was the Sepoy Mutiny. According to Sir John Silly, Charles Reikes, Charles Robert, John Key, etc., the revolt was nothing more than a Sepoy Mutiny. Even contemporary Indian scholars like Akshay Kumar Dutta, Ishwar Chandra Gupta, Dadabhai Naoroji, Syed Ahmed, H.C. Mukherjee, etc. also are satisfied with this comment of the British scholars. According to Sir John Silly, “The mutiny of 1857 was a wholly unpatriotic and selfish Sepoy Mutiny with no native leadership and no popular support”.

Feudal RevoltDr. R.C. Majumdar and Dr S.N. Sen think (Dr R.C. Majumadar’s view) that the revolt of 1857 was a feudal revolt. The feudal classes like Nana Saheb, Laxmi Bai, etc. joined the revolt to take revenge of the loss of their privileges.

First War of Independence: The nationalists in India, prominent amongst whom is Subhash Chandra Bose and V.D. Savarkar, have hailed it as “the First War of Independence”. But in the view of Dr.R.C. Majumdar, “the so-called First National war of Independence was neither First nor National nor a war of Independence”

National Revolt: Disraeli, the leader of the Tory party, declared this rebellion as a ‘National Revolt’ in the British Parliament. Many British historians like J.B. Norton, Alexander Duff, Malleson, James Outram, Holmes and Karl Marx also regard it as a national revolt. According to Karl Marx, “What the British rulers consider a military revolt is basically a National Revolt”. The common people also revolted specials in northern and central India. In some places of U.P and Bihar, the peasants and artisans rebelled against the English rule. The rebels even did not hesitate to swarm into treason. The participation of the common people gave the revolt its popular character. We can conclude in the words of Dr R.C. Majumdar, “It (Revolt) remained a shining example before the nascent nationalism in India in its struggle for freedom from the British yoke”.

Question 3. Analyse the role of the working class in the Quit India movement.
Answer:

The role of the working class in the Quit India movement:

The Quit India Movement started in 1942 and gradually turned into an all-Indian anti-imperialist movement. The Communist Party decided to stay aloof from the movement. Though they did not support the movement, the participation of the workers in the movement was spontaneous, total and widespread.

1. On August 9, 1942, when the leaders of the Quit India Movement including Gandhiji were arrested, workers in Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Bombay, Nagpur, Ahmedabad, Jamshedpur, etc. held long strikes.
2. In Ahmadnagar, Poona and Ahmedabad, labour participation remained considerable for several months. The Gandhian influence had contributed to a cordial relationship between labourers and mill owners and they did not resent the absence of their workers.
3. In Bangalore 30,000 workers held brief strikes under the leadership of Congress leader T. Bhashyam.
4. In Bombay, many mills were closed largely by the Congress mill owners.
5. In Mysore, the workers in mills, mines and workshops actively supported the petty bourgeoisie masses who launched a series of attacks on the British Raj.
6. In Madras, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tenali, the working classes supported the movement by observing strikes.
7. The workers in Nagpur mills and in all the cities and towns of Central Province went on strike in support of the movement.
8. In Calcutta, strikes and lockouts occurred in some industrial concerns. The New India Jute Press, Calcutta Port Trust, the Calcutta Tramways and some other engineering concerns of Calcutta went on strikes for long periods.

Question 4. Write a short note on the Workers and Peasants party.
Answer:

Workers and Peasants Party:

The initiative taken by Congress to include the working class in the national movement was given a great impetus by the Worker’s and Peasant’s Party.

1. Peasant’s Party, Bengal branch: In 1925, during the Bengal Session of Congress, the Labour Swaraj Party of the Indian National Congress was created within the Congress. The initiative behind the creation of this party was taken by Kazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar and others. In 1926, this was renamed as Worker’s and Peasant’s Party of Bengal.

2. All India Peasant’s Party: Drawing inspiration from Bengal, several other states in India began to form their own Worker’s and Peasant’s party. Ultimately, the All India Worker’s and Peasant’s Party was formed in 1928.

3. Initiative: The Workers’ and Peasants’ Party spread awareness among the working class and peasantry. They understood that if the working class did not get financial freedom, they would not be able to comprehend the value of freedom.

4. Mouthpieces: The party had several mouthpieces in the provinces. Among these, a few worth mentioning were ‘Langal’, ‘Ganabani’, ‘Shramik’, ‘Socialist’, etc.

5. Movements: Under the initiative of the party, several worker’s and peasant’s movements were organised against the oppression of the British on the working class.

6. Meerut Conspiracy Case: The activities of the Worker’s and Peasant’s Party alarmed the Government and the British Government began the Meerut Conspiracy Case. This was a clear case of an attack on the Communists who were arrested and sent to jail in this case. The Meerut Conspiracy Case was not enough to stop the communists. The remaining members of the communist party continued the struggle against the British.

WBBSE Madhyamik Results Results will be released on May 19,2023

The WBBSE Madhyamik Result 2023 Date has been issued by the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Results for the WB Class 10th will be released on May 19, 2023, at 10 a.m. Candidates may get the results at wbbse.wb.gov.in, the WBBSE’s official website, as well as at wbresults.nic.in.

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Bratya Basu, the West Bengal Education Minister, verified the results’ time and date on his official Twitter account. The tweet states, “WBBSE shall declare the results of Madhyamik Pariksha 2023 on 19th May 2023, Friday, 10 AM.”

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The Class 10 board exam was administered from February 23 to March 4 at different testing locations around the state. For all exams, the test lasted three hours, with fifteen minutes allotted for perusing the question paper.

How to Check The WBBSE Madhyamik Result 2023

Following the instructions below will allow candidates who took the Class 10 or Madhyamik exam to verify their results.

• Visit the WBBSE’s official website at wbbse.wb.gov.in.
• On the homepage, choose the WBBSE Madhyamik Result 2023 link.
• Enter the necessary information, then press “Submit.”

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• Your outcome will be shown to you on the screen.
• Check the outcome and save the page.

Group-A

Choose The Correct Option:

Question 1. The Game of football was introduced in India by
1. English
2. Dutch
3. French
4. Portuguese

Answer: 1. English

Question 2. Bipin Chandra Pal wrote
1. Sattar Baths
2. Jeebon Smriti
3. A Nation in Making
4. Ananda Math

Answer: 1. Sattar Baths

Question 3. The Editor of Bamabodhini Patrika was
1. Umesh Chandra Dutta
2. Sisir Kumar Ghosh
3. Krishnachandra Mazumdar
4. Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan

Answer: 1. Umesh Chandra Dutta

Question 4. The General Committee of Public Instruction was formed in
1. 1713 A.D.
2. 1913 A.D.
3. 1813 A.D.
4. 1823 A.D.

Answer: 4. 1823 A.D.

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Question 5. ‘Naba Bidhan’ was established by
1. Dayanand Saraswati
2. Keshab Chandra Sen
3. Swami Vivekananda
4. Maharshi Debendranath Tagore

Answer: 2. Keshab Chandra Sen

Question 6. Sui Munda was the leader of
1. Chuar Rebellion
2. Kol Rebellion
3. Santhal Hool
4. Munda Rebellion

Answer: 2. Kol Rebellion

Question 7. By the Forest Law of 1878 A.D., forests were divided into
1. Two categories
2. Three categories
3. Four categories
4. Five categories

Answer: 2. Three categories

Question 8. The Great Revolt of 1857 was described as India’s First War of independence by
1. Subhas Chandra Bose
2. Jawaharlal Nehru
3. V. D. Savarkar
4. Rashbehari Bose

Answer: 3. V. D. Savarkar

Question 9. The first political association of India was
1. Indian Association
2. Indian National Congress
3. Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha
4. Landholder’s Society

Answer: 3. Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha

Question 10. ‘Bharat Mata’ was painted by
1. Abanindranath Tagore
2. Rabindranath Tagore
3. Nandalal Bose
4. Gaganendranath Tagore

Answer: 1. Abanindranath Tagore

Question 11. The process of Half-tone printing was introduced in India by
1. Upendrakishore Roychowdhury
2. Sukumar Roy
3. Panchanan Karmarkar
4. Charles Wilkins

Answer: 1. Upendrakishore Roychowdhury

Question 12. Vishva-Bharati was founded by
1. Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar
2. Rabindranath Tagore
3. Swami Vivekananda
4. Deendranath Tagore

Answer: 2. Rabindranath Tagore

Question 13. The leader of the ‘Eka’ movement was
1. Madari Pasi
2. Dr Ambedkar
3. Mahatma Gandhi
4. Baba Ramchandra

Answer: 1. Madari Pasi

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Question 14. All India Trade Union Congress was founded in
1. 1917 A.D.
2. 1920 A.D.
3. 1927 A.D.
4. 1929 A.D.

Answer: 2. 1920 A.D.

Question 15. The Bardo Satyagraha was held in
1. Bombay
2. Punjab
3. Madras
4. Gujarat

Answer: 4. Gujarat

Question 16. The Anti-Partition movement in Bengal had taken place in
1. 1904 A.D.
2. 1905 A.D.
3. 1906 A.D.
4. 1911 A.D.

Answer: 2. 1905 A.D.

Question 17. Matangini Hazra was associated with the Quit India Movement in
1. Tamluk
2. Sutahta
3. Barisha!
4. Purulia

Answer: 1. Tamluk

Question 18. Dipali Sangha was founded by
1. Kalpana Datta
2. Lila Nag (Roy)
3. Basanti Devi
4. Bina Das

Answer: 2. Lila Nag (Roy)

Question 19. ‘Iron Man of India’ refers to
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Sadar Vallabhbhai Patel
3. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
4. Rajendra Prasad

Answer: 2. Sadar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question 20. ‘A Train to Pakistan’ was written by
1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. V. P. Menon
3. Khushwant Singh
4. Salman Rushdie

Answer: 3. Khushwant Singh

Group-‘B’

Answer In One Sentence:

Question 1. Who was the editor of ‘Somprakash’?
Answer: The editor of ‘Somprakash’ was Dwarkanath Bidyabhusan.

Question 2. Where are government documents preserved?
Answer: The government documents are preserved in Mahafiz Khana.

Question 3. Which century is called the century of Renaissance in Bengal?
Answer: The 19th century is called the century of Renaissance in Bengal.

Question 4. What is meant by ‘Ulgulan’?
Answer: ‘Ulgulan’ means Great Tumult.

State Whether True Or False :

Question 1. The Ramakrishna Mission was set up by Sri Ramakrishna.
Answer: False

Question 2. Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India during the Great Revolt.
Answer: False

Question 3. Rabindranath Tagore supported the cause of the European community through the novel ‘Gora’.
Answer: False

Question 4. Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar jointly fought for the rights of the Dalits.
Answer: False

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Match Column ‘A’ With ‘B’:

Column ‘A’                                                   Column ‘B’
Aurobindo Ghosh                                         1. Indian National Army
Taraknath Palit                                              2. Bengal National School and College
Nabagopal Mitra                                          3. Bengal Technical Institute
Rashid Ali                                                      4. Hindu Mela

Answer:
Aurobindo Ghosh: 2. Bengal National School and College
Taraknath Palit: 3. Bengal Technical Institute
Nabagopal Mitra: 4. Hindu Mela
Rashid Ali: 1. Indian National Army

Match The Statements Below With Their Appropriate Explanation:

Statement 1: The ‘Eka’ Movement was organised in Uttar Pradesh.
Explanation 1. This was an individual movement.
Explanation 2. This was a peasant movement.
Explanation 3. This was a workers’ movement.
Explanation 4. This was a peasant movement.

Answer:
Explanation 2. This was a peasant movement.

Statement 2: The Government of India framed the Meerut Conspiracy Case in 1929.
Explanation 1. To suppress the revolutionaries.
Explanation 2. To suppress the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Explanation 3. To suppress country-wide communist activities.
Explanation 4. To suppress country-wide communist activities.

Answer:
Explanation 3. To suppress country-wide communist activities.

Statement 3: The leftists played an important role in the anti-colonial movements of 20th Century India.
Explanation 1. The leftists were the supporters of zamindars and industrialists.
Explanation 2. They were supporters of British imperialism.
Explanation 3. They were the supporters of the united struggle of peasants and workers against British rule.
Explanation 4. They were the supporters of the united struggle of peasants and workers against British rule.

Answer:
Explanation 3. They were the supporters of the united struggle of peasants and workers against British rule.

Statement 4: Indian Women participated in the national movement for the first time during the anti-partition movement.
Explanation 1. Because they were inspired by Gandhiji.
Explanation 2. Because they were inspired by the revolutionary theories of Aurobindo Ghose.
Explanation 3. Because they wanted to boycott foreign goods.

Answer:
Explanation 3. Because they wanted to boycott foreign goods.

Group – ‘C’

Answer The Following Questions In Two Or Three Sentences (Any Eleven):

Question 1. What is Social History?
Answer:

Social History: Social history is a branch of history that studies the experiences of the daily life of people and their social and economic relationships. It also includes religious and cultural affairs such as literature, education, music, etc.

Question 2. What is the importance of newspapers as a source of History?
Answer:

The importance of newspaper as a source of history are as follows:

1. We get an idea about the political history of a nation from the contemporary political news published in newspapers.
2. We also come to know about the contemporary culture and society of a state or a country from related news published in newspapers.

Question 3. Analyse the role of Raja Radhakanta Deb in promoting women’s education in Bengal.
Answer:

The role of Raja Radhakanta Deb in promoting women’s education in Bengal

Raja Radhakanta Deb, the zamindar of Sobhabazar, played a pivotal role in. promoting women’s education in Bengal during the 19th century. Although he was a follower of orthodox Hinduism, he strongly supported the cause of women’s education and set up many educational institutes for them. Being a member of the Calcutta School Book Society (established in 1817), he helped in setting up a number of co-ed institutions. Radhakanta Deb also published Pandit Gourmohan Vidyalankar’s ‘Strisikshabidhayak’, which influenced the development of women’s education.

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Question 4. Why was there a rift in the Brahmo Samaj of India?
Answer:

Several factors were responsible for the rift in the Brahmo Samaj, among which the most prominent ones involved Keshab Chandra Sen himself, who was the then leader of the Brahmo Samaj. His affinity towards the British, belief in the reincarnation of God, his doubts in the concept of women’s liberation and getting his 14-year-old daughter (who was a minor) married to the Maharaja of Cooch Behar led to dissatisfaction among his followers. Thus, his followers gave up the Bharatvarshiya Brahmo Samaj (led by Keshab Chandra Sen) and founded the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. The latter was established in 1878 by Shibnath Shastri, Bijoy Krishna Goswami, Anandmohan Basu, Dwarkanath Gangopadhyay, and Durgamohan Das.

Question 5. Was the Farazi movement a movement of religious revival?
Answer:

The Muslims were the major participants in the Farazi movement, which was primarily initiated with the purpose of restoring the Muhameddan power in Bengai (Farazi meaning ‘obey the dictates of Allah’). Thus, this movement started as an Islamic revivalist movement. However, it turned into an anti-imperialist struggle with the aim of expelling the British and protesting against the merciless landlords and indigo planters. Thus, the Farazi movement was not entirely a movement of religious revival.

Question 6. Briefly describe how the planters tortured the indigo cultivators.
Answer:

The planters tortured the indigo cultivators in many ways. For instance:

1. The planters oppressed the cultivators and forced them to grow indigo instead of other crops.
2. If the peasants declined to cultivate indigo, they were subjected to inhuman torture.
3. The planters even evicted the peasants from their own villages in order to augment the plantation areas.

Question 7. Why is the second half of the nineteenth century called the ‘age of associations’?
Answer:

The whole of the nineteenth century has seen the formation and development of many associations. So, Cambridge historian Dr Anil Sil, in his book ‘The Emergence of Indian

Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Late Nineteenth Century”, has called this period “an age of associations”.

Question 8. How did the novel ‘Ananda Math’ inspire the spirit of nationalism?
Answer:

‘Anandamath’, by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, published in 1882, is a fitting example of a literary work that aroused feelings of national consciousness among the Indian people. The message conveyed by this book to the Indians is to sacrifice their lives for the freedom of their motherland from British rule. It states patriotism as the highest possible virtue. The song Bandemataram, which features in this novel, became the national hymn. ‘Anandamath’ was translated in different Indian languages, due to which a number of people were inspired by its content.

Question 9. What was the role of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in the development of Scientific Education in Bengal?
Answer:

The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science played an important role in the development of scientific education in Bengal during the 19th century because of the following reasons:

1. Scientific research was regularly conducted in different fields of physics and chemistry.
2. Many renowned scientists and researchers from different countries came here to conduct their experiments and deliver lectures to popularising science.
3. ‘Indian Journal of Physics’ was started with a view to publishing different scientific research works carried out in this institute.

Question 10. What was the objective of founding Vishva Bharati?
Answer:

Objective of founding Vishva Bharati

The ideals of Visva Bharati were: the entire world’s combined knowledge to be studied there; it would be a home for students all over the world; it would be a congregation of academics from all over the world and the entire world would merge at Visva Bharati.

Question 11. With what objectives was the All India Trade Union Congress founded?
Answer:

The objectives for the establishment of the All India Trade Union Congress were:

1. Including India as a member in the International Labour Organization.
2. Launching a well-organised labour mevement besides the anti-imperialist movements against the British
3. Meeting the rightful demands of the labourers.

Question 12. Why was the Workers’ and Peasants’ Party formed?
Answer:

The Workers’ and Peasants’ Party was formed due to the following reasons:
1. Organising workers’ and peasants’ movements against the oppression of the British on the working class.
2. For protecting the interests of the workers, labourers and peasants.
3. For propagating the ideals of communism among people through periodicals and journals.
4. For unifying the leftist groups.

Question 13. Why was Rashid Ali Day observed?
Answer:

Rashid Ali Day: Various student movements started in Calcutta in protest against the judgement given to Abdul Rashid, the captain of the Azad Hind Fauj. Rashid Ali was given 7 years of rigorous imprisonment in the trial which was held in the Red Fort at Delhi. In protest against this, the Muslim Students’ League and the All India Students’ Federation called a student strike on 11 th Feb 1946 for the release of Captain Rashid Ali from prison. This day was later celebrated as Rashid Ali Day.

Question 14. Who is known as Dalits?
Answer:

Dalits:

From 1930, non-Brahmins, low caste Hindus and the untouchables came to be known as ‘Dalits’. Gandhiji termed them as HarijAnswer: They represented the most exploited and poorest section of society.

Question 15. What Is meant by the Instrument of Accession?
Answer:

Instrument of Accession:

After the independence of India, the incorporation of princely states posed a big problem. At the time of the transfer of power, the British government left these princely states free to join either India or Pakistan. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Home Minister of free India, took the responsibility of integrating these princely states with India. The Instrument of Accession, which was consequently drafted, was a legal document to enable each of the rulers of the princely states under British paramountcy to join one of the new dominions of India or Pakistan, created by the Partition of British India. The princely states were to be given freedom in their internal affairs and the Union Government was to have control over the defence and foreign policy of these states.

Question 16. Why was the Nehru-Liaqat Pact (1905) signed?
Answer:

The Nehru-Liaqat Pact (1950) was signed mainly to guarantee the rights of the minorities of India and Pakistan. The pact ensured peaceful cooperation between the two countries, safe transport of the refugees to their respective motherlands and proper return of their ancestral property, safe return of abducted refugee women as well as other related issues.

Group – ‘D’

Answer Any Six Questions In Seven Or Eight Sentences, Taking At Least One From Each Segment:

Question 1. Write a brief note on Women’s History.
Answer:

Women’s History: The subject matter of History involves the whole of mankind, about half of which is comprised by women. However, it can be noted that even in the previous century, women were not given as much importance as men in the pages of history. The study of the role of women in history over time, which is known as women’s history, has begun only recently.

1. Role of women in history: Women have contributed much to the history of every era. Nefertiti, Cleopatra, Razia, Nurjahan, Durgabati and several other female figures have been known to have gained immense political power in the Ancient and Middle ages. Since then, till date, there have been a number of instances where women have occupied leading social, economic and political positions in different countries all over the world.

2. Neglect of women in history: Though the revolts, battles, and political and diplomatic activities of men have been recorded in history, the same has not been done in case of women. Female leaders, struggles by women for their rights, their demands, their movements, their progress in art and culture—all these have not been given enough importance in history.

3. Inception of women’s history: In recent times, researchers have started giving importance to the role of women in shaping history. It was only in the 1970s that women’s history began to come into the limelight. As a result, women’s history is gradually gaining prominence at present.

4. Women’s history in the West: In the past few years, women’s history has gained importance in the West as well. Thus, a number of books dealing with this topic have been written by scholars like Joan Kelly, Gerda Lerner, Betty Friday and Judith Butler.

Question 2. Explain Swami Vivekananda’s ideals of religious reform.
Answer:

Swami Vivekananda’s ideals of religious reform:

Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902 A.D.) was a representative of spiritualism, patriotism and nationalism in India in the 19th century. The ideal of religion that he propagated came to be known as ‘Neo-Vedanta’. Let us now look into his ideas of religious reform.

1. Aim: Vivekananda experienced poverty and grief in his personal life. He also witnessed the poor living conditions of the people of India. These, combined with the teachings of Sri Ramakrishna, influenced him to think deeply about the concept of religion in India. He wanted to free people from the clutches of meaningless rituals that were closely related to religion in his times. His aim was to instil in people the idea that selfless service to man was the actual service to God.

2. New interpretation of religion: The propounder of the ancient philosophy of Advaita Vedanta in India was Sri Adi Shankaracharya (788- 820 A.D.). Swami Vivekananda gave a new interpretation to the Advaita philosophy, which came to be known as ‘Neo-Vedanta”. He explained that Lord Brahma was present everywhere and to serve other human beings was to serve Him.

3. Chicago Summit: Swami Vivekananda attended the Parliament of Religions at Chicago, USA in 1893 (September 11 – 27). There he talked about the ideals of universal tolerance, love and brotherhood as mentioned in Advaita Vedanta.

4. Samadhi or trance: Samadhi, a state of trance, was not given much importance in the Advaita philosophy. But, in his concept of New Vedanta, Swami Vivekananda emphasised ‘samadhi’ as a process for human beings to attain salvation.

Question 3. Why did the Santhals rebel in 1855?
Answer:

A Santhal boy Sidhu was one of the remarkable leaders of the Santhal Rebellion.

Causes :

(1) It was the rent question that created discontent among the Santhals. The rate of tax went on increasing continuously and the Santhal peasants found it difficult to pay the tax.
(2)Besides regular tax, certain illegal taxes were imposed by the Naibs or tax collectors which were collected from the Santhal peasants oppressively.
(3)The Santhals were also subjected to oppression by the moneylenders who charged high rates of interest ranging from 50% to 500%.
(4)The contractors, who were mostly Europeans, were no less oppressive. Examples are not rare to show how the tribal people were subjected to oppression like taking of kids, fowls, etc. without making any payment.
(5)The Santhals themselves took up arms against the oppressors only after they had become convinced that complaints made in the court or to higher officials would be of no avail.
Thus, the first mass gathering took place at Baghnadihi where Santhals were supported by non-Santhal peasants. Later on, the Santhal revolt (hul) took place under the leadership of Siddhu Santhal and Kanu Santhal.

Question 4. What was the attitude of the educated Bengali society towards the great Revolt (1857)?
Answer:

The attitude of the Educated Bengali Society Towards the Revolt of 1857: The Bengali intelligentsia was apathetic to the Revolt of 1857. This is such a ticklish problem that none has been able to offer any satisfactory explanation.

Promotion of Self-Interest: One thing that may be relevant to note is that the Bengali intellectuals, in the mid-eighteenth century, were very much conscious of their own interest. As such it will not be fair to say that they merely echoed the sentiments of the British rulers in taking a negative attitude towards the rebels of 1857. In any case, their hostile attitude towards the Revolt of 1857 cannot be overlooked.

Issue of Enfield Rifle: In Bengal, Barrackpore, near Calcutta was the centre of the initial spark of the Revolt of 1857. The revolt broke out over the religious question that there was a conspiracy to destroy the religions of the sepoys (over the Enfield Rifle issue). This was in tune with the cry of the orthodox Hindus of the city of Calcutta who had long suspected that the British wanted to destroy their religion and caste and convert them to Christianity. The intellectuals of Bengal, who were against orthodoxy and fanaticism, considered the rebel sepoys as the allies of social reaction. Under the circumstances, the Bengali intelligentsia had no option but to oppose the rebellion.

Socio-Economic Reasons: There were also socio-economic reasons for which the Bengali intelligentsia opposed the Revolt of 1857. The intellectuals belonged to middle-class well-to-do families that had been the product of the colonial structure. Their economic status was raised because of trade and commerce, and their intellectual status was due to their English education. In the success of the Revolt of 1857, the return of the old social order with all the reactionary principles and ideals was recognised by the Bengali intelligentsia. Hence, the Bengali intelligentsia did not sympathize with the rebels of 1857.

Conclusion: It has been pointed out by Sri Benoy Ghose that the growing political consciousness of the English-educated Bengali middle class also shaped their hostility towards the Revolt of 1857. The educated Bengali middle class saw no hope in the Revolt of 1857. Thus they condemned the rebels of 1857.

Question 5. Explain the relation between printed books and the spread of education.
Answer:

The relation between printed books and the spread of education

During the 18th-19th century the Indian common folk were largely illiterate and would have remained so for many centuries. But some educated enlightened Indians and a small number of professional people who lived and worked in towns, however, felt the need of books. In India in the past, like many Western countries, copyists multiplied books by hand. But with the introduction of printing, textbooks of all sorts, English and vernacular, grammar, and elementary books were published that catered to the needs of the people. In fact, printed books became a medium for the dissemination of knowledge. The elementary Bengali textbook that deserves mention for the learning of the Bengali language is Varna Parichay by Iswarchandra Vidyasagar. However, how printing helped the dissemination of knowledge may be explained with some examples.

Baptist Mission Press: In 1800 the Baptist Mission was founded in Serampore, and the Baptist Mission Press started printing books in Bengali and other vernacular languages. In the same year, Fort William College was founded by Lord Wellesley in Calcutta. In the college young civilians were taught various languages like Bengali, Parsee, and Hindusthani. Qualified persons were appointed as teachers who needed textbooks for instruction to the students. It was the Serampore Press that supplied books to the students (trainee civilians) of Fort William College.

Vernacular Literature: The Baptist Mission and its Press printed and published textbooks, religious books and other works in vernacular languages, and in English. Also, several books translated from English to Bengali were there in the list of publications. All this facilitated the assimilation of Eastern and Western cultures in this country.

Bengali Press: How the publication of Bengali periodicals and newspapers helped in the dissemination of knowledge may be understood from the comment made in the Oriental Star (16 May 1818) on the occasion of the appearance of the Bengali periodical Bengal Gazette. It was said that the diffusion of general knowledge and information amongst the natives must lead to beneficial effects.

Spread of Education: The printing press helped the spread of education. The middle-class people of the towns who were being educated needed the help of study materials. Printing presses fulfilled their demand. Previously, the copyist, after hard toil could at best produce two books in a year. When there was no printing press the scribes copied manuscripts by hand. The copies made by hand were sometimes illegible, and the reader was forced to guess what was written. But with the invention of printing constant proofreading and correction helped to produce the exact copy of the manuscripts. This made it possible to obtain a fuller knowledge.

Question 6. What was the role of Bengal Technical Institute in the development of technical education in Bengal?
Answer:

Bengal Technical Institute was established by Tarak Nath Palit in Calcutta in 1905 when the Swadeshi Movement started against the partition of Bengal. Its contributions towards the spread of technical education are as follows:

1. Initiative for national education: During the Swadeshi movement, an attempt was made to establish a national system of education as an alternative for the education system of the British Government. One of the objectives of national education was the spread of indigenous technical education. So, Tarak Nath Palit, an Indian lawyer, founded the Bengal Technical Institute in Calcutta on July 25, 1906.

2. Association with other institutes: In order to spread the indigenous system of education, Bengal Technical Institute merged with Bengal National College in 1910 and formed the Bengal National College and Technical School. This joint institution was renamed the College of Engineering and Technology (CET) in 1918.

3. Activities: After the merger of the institutions, arrangements were made for the cultivation of various subjects like Physics, Chemical Technology, Industrial Technology, etc. besides the disciplines of Humanities. As a result, several educated Bengalee youths could receive technical education and become self-dependent. . The students of the College of Engineering and Technology published a journal named ‘Tech’. They dedicated the first edition of this journal to those who had dreamt of national education during the age of the Swadeshi Movement.

Question 7. Write a note on the debate between Gandhi and Ambedkar on Dalit rights.
Answer:

The debate between Gandhi and Ambedkar regarding Dalit rights: There is little doubt that both Gandhi and Ambedkar were very much aware of the problem of the untouchability of the Dalits. Yet there were sharp differences between the two regarding the Dalit issue.

1. Difference: There was little in common in the perception between the two that came to the forefront in the early 30s of the nineteenth century.
2. Difference in opinion: Gandhiji refused to view the Dalits as a minority who should be given political safeguards. Rather he considered it essentially a social problem, and that was to be tackled by the Hindu community itself. Contrarily, Ambedkar, describing the Dalits as ‘slaves’, advocated for communal representation of the Dalits on the ground that ‘untouchability constitutes a definite set of interests which the untouchables alone can speak for.’
3. Real break: Throughout the 1920s, Ambedkar had a soft spot for Gandhi as he took him as one different from the elitist Brahmanic leaders he (Ambedkar) hated. The real break between the two surfaced during the events of the Round Table Conference of 1932.
4. Separate electorate: In the two Round Table Conferences Ambedkar ended up supporting a separate electorate for the untouchables (Dalits).
5. Poona Pact: But this proved to be too much for Gandhiji. For him, the untouchables were a part of Hinduism and a separate electorate for them would create a division in Hinduism. Subsequent Communal Award and Gandhi’s fast unto death led to the Poona Pact of 1932. It must, however, be remembered that Ambedkar’s agreement in signing the Poona Pact was by no means due to his ‘change of heart’. It was Gandhi’s ‘pressure tactics’ that compelled Ambedkar to soften his stand and accept the compromise formula of the Poona Pact. Later on, Ambedkar expressed his unhappiness over the issue and this in the long run increased his bitterness towards Gandhiji.

Question 8. How was India reorganised on the basis of language after independence?
Answer:

Organisation of States on a Linguistic Basis:

Introduction: The linguistic policies of the Nehru Government (1947-64) raised a lot of controversies. After the transfer of power, there was a demand for demarcating the state boundaries on the basis of the language spoken by the people of that area. Nehru was not agreeable to this demand.

Selection of Hindi as National Language: The Constituent Assembly decided to declare Hindi as the National language, winning the voting by one vote only. Nehru implemented the decision, but controversy kept haunting him. Big industrialists belonging to Hindu, Parsi and Jain communities felt that by declaring Hindi as the National language, the Government was aiming at developing a centralised power structure in India. The Constituent Assembly formed the ‘Linguistic Provincial Committee’ in 1948 under justice S. K. Dhar. It was known as the ‘Dhar Committee’.

In 1948, the J. V. P Committee, comprising Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramaiah was set up. It was the duty of the committee to re-organise the Indian states on a linguistic basis and without any controversy. On 1st April 1949, the committee submitted its report saying that ‘No state will be formed right now on the basis of language’. In the report of the Linguistic Provinces Commission, it was informed that ‘The narrow demand for linguistic provinces should be subdued till India becomes a Nation’.

Agitation of South Indians: The Telugu-speaking Gandhian leader Patti Sriramalu, without paying any heed to these recommendations, started fasting with a demand to form a separate state of Andhra Pradesh with the 11 Telugu-speaking districts of Madras. Nehru was not much perturbed, instead, he was quite displeased. When Sriramalu died while fasting, on 15th December 1952, his followers started rioting in the Telugu-speaking districts. So, the Centre was compelled to form a separate state of Andhra Pradesh on 18th December 1952.

Union of Smaller States: During the linguistic reorganisation of states, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel joined the smaller native states with their neighbouring states. PEPSU was formed with Patiala and East Punjab States. In the same way, the union of Saurashtra, Rajasthan and Central Province was done. However, since Manipur, Tripura and Nepal were not joined with any state, they continued to be the responsibility of the Central Government. Though some problems were solved through the reorganisation of states, all the issues with the multilingual character of the country could not be solved.

Operation Vijay: The government of India started ‘Operation Vijay’ on 17-18 December 1961, to free Goa, under the command of Major J. N. Chowdhury, which ended on 19th December. The Indian army freed Goa, Daman and Diu. In 1961 Goa was included within the territory of India and on 12th August 1987, it became the 25th State of India.

Group-‘E’

Answer Any One Question In Fifteen Or Sixteen Sentences:

Question 1. What was the Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy in the field of education? Discuss the role of Calcutta University in the spread of higher education.
Answer:

Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy: The difference in opinion that arose between the Anglicists and the Orientalists regarding the type of education to be introduced in India is known as the Anglicist-Orientalist controversy. The Anglicists, consisting of Lord Macaulay – the Law Member of the Governor General’s Legislative Council, Alexander Duff and Rammohan Roy, advocated the cause of English education. Lord Macaulay remarked that the knowledge derived from the books of English literature packed in a single shelf was more valuable than the knowledge that the whole range of Oriental literature would give. The other faction, known as the Orientalists, which includes Princep, Colebrook, etc. advocated the cause of oriental languages like Persian and Sanskrit instead of English. They pointed out that students would be good job hunters but they would fail to deliver to their countrymen if they studied only English.

Role of Calcutta University in the spread of higher education: The British wanted to promote higher education prevalent in India, modelled on the system of education in the West. With this view, the University of Calcutta was established at the time of Lord Canning in 1857 (January 24). The role of this university in spreading higher education in India is immense.
1. Western Systems of Education: The University of Calcutta is the oldest of the modern universities in India. It was also the first Western-style university in the whole of Asia. Initially, higher education in the region extending from Lahore to Rangoon as well as Sri Lanka was supervised by this university.
2. Excellence in education: The level of education in this university reached its peak of excellence during the Vice-Chancellorship of Sir Asutosh Mukhopadhyay (1906-14 and 1921 -23). It was during his time that research works in the fields of arts and science gained worldwide recognition. Many scholars from around the world came and taught here on his request. Rabindranath Tagore himself was a chief examiner in this university.
3. First graduates: Jadunath Bose and Bankim Chandra Chatterjee became the first graduates from the University of Calcutta in 1858. The first D.Litt. in Asia, Benimadhab Barua, was also a student of this university.
4. Noteworthy students: Some of the noteworthy students of this university were Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha, C.V.Raman, Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, R.C.Majumder, Suniti Kumar Chatterjee, Niharanjan Roy and Subhas Chandra Bose. All of them are known for their exceptional contribution in different fields.

Question 2. Briefly discuss the nature of the Great Revolt of 1857.
Answer:

Nature of the Great Revolt of 1857: Historians differ regarding the nature of the Great Revolt. Some infer that it is a Sepoy Mutiny while some say it is the First War of Independence. “Whatever might have been its original character, it soon became a symbol of challenge to the mighty British power in India”. (Dr. R.C. Majumdar).

Sepoy Mutiny: The most popular nature of the Great Revolt was Sepoy Mutiny. According to Sir John Silly, Charles Reikes, Charles Robert, John Key, etc. the revolt was nothing more than a Sepoy Mutiny. Even contemporary Indian scholars like Akshay Kumar Dutta, Ishwar Chandra Gupta, Dadabhai Naoroji, Syed Ahmed, H.C. Mukherjee, etc. also are satisfied with this comment of the British scholars. According to Sir John Silly, “The mutiny of 1857 was a wholly unpatriotic and selfish Sepoy Mutiny with no native leadership and no popular support”.

Feudal RevoltDr. R.C. Majumdar and Dr S.N. Sen think (Dr R.C. Majumdar’s view) that the revolt of 1857 was a feudal revolt. The feudal classes like Nana Saheb, Laxmi Bai, etc. joined the revolt to take revenge for the loss of their privileges.
First War of Independence – The nationalists in India, prominent amongst whom is Subhash Chandra Bose and V.D. Savarkar, have hailed it as “the First War of Independence”. But in the view of Dr R.C. Majumdar, “the so-called First National war of Independence was neither First nor National ora war of Independence”.

National Revolt: Disraeli, the leader of the Tory party, declared this rebellion as a ‘National Revolt’ in the British Parliament. Many British historians like J.B. Norton, Alexander Duff, Malleson, James Outram, Holmes and Karl Marx also regard it as a national revolt. According to Karl Marx, “What the British rulers consider a military revolt is basically a National Revolt”. The common people also revolted along with specials in northern and central India. In some places of U.P. and Bihar, the peasants and artisans rebelled against English rule. The rebels even did not hesitate to swarm into treason. The participation of the common people gave the revolt its popular character. We can conclude in the words of Dr R.C. Majumdar, “It (Revolt) remained a shining example before the nascent nationalism in India in its struggle for freedom from the British yoke”.

Question 3. Analyse the role of women in the armed revolutionary struggle.
Answer:

The role of women in the armed revolutionary struggle

Introduction: In the 20th century, a number of women got involved in the armed revolutionary struggle against the British in India. Some of the prominent members of the Deepali Sangha — Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Datta, Suhasini Ganguly, Shanti Ghosh, Suniti Chowdhury and Bina Das were actively involved in the armed revolt.

1. Dipali Sangha: Freedom fighter Lila Nag formed the Deepali Sangha in Dhaka in 1923. This was done with the objective of encouraging the women of Bengal to take part in anti-British movements. The members of this association were given physical training and were also taught to wield lathis and other weapons.

2. Chittagong Armoury Raid: Pritilata Waddedar played an important role in the Chittagong Armoury Raid, which was organised under the leadership of Surya Sen in 1930. She fought bravely against the British, along with other freedom fighters, in the bloody battle at Jalalabad Hills and narrowly escaped the British police.

3. Attack on the European Club: In 1932, Pritilata Waddedar, along with some of her associates, Shanti Chakraborty and Kalikinkar Dey, attacked the Pahartali European Club. This resulted in an encounter between the rebels and the police. To avoid being captured by the police, Pritilata Waddedar consumed potassium cyanide and committed suicide.

4. Activities of Kalpana Dutta: Kalpana Datta was a member of the Indian Republican Army, an armed resistance group led by Surya Sen. She was entrusted with the duty of carrying explosives from Calcutta, to help the freedom fighters escape from prison. She also took up the responsibility of attacking the European Club along with Pritilata Waddedar. However, she was arrested before she could carry out her plan of attack.

5. Attack on Stanley Jackson: Bina Das actively participated in the boycott of the Simon Commission in 1929. At her convocation ceremony at the University of Calcutta (1932), Bina fired several shots at the Governor, Sir Stanley Jackson. However, she missed her target and was consequently arrested and sentenced to 9 years of rigorous imprisonment.

6. Jhansi Regiment: The women’s regiment of Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army
was known as the Rani of the Jhansi Regiment. It was led by Dr Laxmi Sehgal in 1944. Laxmi was captured when the Indian National Army was defeated at the hands of the British and the Jhansi regiment was later disbanded.

Limitations: There are certain noticeable limitations on the participation of women in the anti-British movements in India –

1. Mainly the women of Bengal participated in these movements. Women in the rest of India did not participate much in the movements against the British.

2. It was mostly the educated women from the higher strata of society who took part in these movements. There was not much awareness of the freedom struggle among the women of the lower classes of society.

Group A Write The Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives:

Question 1. The process by which, soil and rock layers move down along the slope of highlands by gravity is called:
1. Weathering
2. Gradation process
3. Endogenic processes
4. Mass wasting process

Answer: 4. Mass wasting process

Question 2. In peneplain, low-lying hills of hard rocks remain as residual landforms called:
1. Yardang
2. Zeugen
3. Sand dunes
4. Inselberg

Answer: 4. Insellberg

Question 3. “Horse Latitude” is located at:
1. Equatorial low-pressure belt
2. Sub-tropical high-pressure belt
3. Sub-polar low-pressure belt
4. Polar high-pressure belt

Answer: 2. Sub-tropical high-pressure belt

Question 4. The diurnal range of temperature is maximum in:
1. Equatorial climatic region
2. Hot desert climatic region
3. Tropical Monsoon climatic region
4. Mediterranean climatic region

Answer: 2. Hot desert climatic region

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Question 5. The formation of ocean currents depends on:
1. Prevailing winds
2. Earth’s revolution
3. Sandbanks
4. All of them are applicable

Answer: 1. Prevailing winds

Question 6. The time difference between high and low tides at a place is near:
1. More than two hours
2. Morethan six hours
3. More than four hours
4. More than eight hours

Answer: 2. Morethan six hours

Question 7. Carbon particles emitted by vehicles are controlled by use of:
1. Cyclone Separators
2. Electrostatic Precipitator
3. Scrubber
4. Coated Alumina

Answer: 1. Cyclone Separators

Question 8. The parallel of latitude, passing through the middle of India is:
1. Equator
2. Tropic of Capricorn
3. Prime Meridian
4. Tropic of Cancer

Answer: 4. Tropic of Cancer

Question 9. The lake located, in between the deltas of Godavari and Krishna rivers is:
1. Kolleru
2. Pulicat
3. Chilka
4. Vembanad

Answer: 1. Kolleru

Question 10. The most extensive method of irrigation, practised in India is:
1. Wells and tube wells
2. Tanks
3. Canals
4. Sprinkler

Answer: 1. Wells and tube wells & 3. Canals

Question 11. Western disturbances occur in India during:
1. Summer season
2. Autumn season
3. Rainy season
4. Winter season

Answer: 4. Winter season

Question 12. The salty sea breeze is needed for:
1. Sugar cultivation
2. Tea cultivation
3. Jute cultivation
4. Coffee cultivation

Answer: 1. Sugar cultivation

Question 13. The petro-chemical industrial centre of West Bengal is located at:
1. Junput
2. Kolkata
3. Sankarpur
4. Halida

Answer: 4. Halida

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Question 14. The colour used for drawing of contour lines in the topographical map is:
1. Brown
2. Black
3. Red
4. Blue

Answer: 1. Brown

Group B If The Statement Is True, Write ‘True’ And If False, Write ‘False’ Against The Following (Answer Any Six Statements):

Question 1. The confluence of the Alakananda and Bhagirathi rivers is at Devprayag.
Answer: True

Question 2. Mistral is a warm local wind which blows over Rhone valley in France.
Answer: False

Question 3. Floods occur in India in the years of Ei-Nino.
Answer: False

Question 4. The position of the sun, moon and earth along a straight line is known as syzygy.
Answer: True

Question 5. Papers may be manufactured by recycling newspapers as raw material.
Answer: True

Question 6. The soil composed of pebbles, sands and silts, found along the foothills of Siwalik is called bet.
Answer: False

Question 7. For analysis of satellite imageries, the use of a computer is mandatory.
Answer: True

Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words (Answer Any Six):

Question 1. The process of modifying landforms by the combined action of erosion and weathering is called _____.
Answer: Denotation.

Question 2. Oases are formed by ______ action of wind.
Answer: Deflation.

Question 3. With the increase of air pressure gradient, wind velocity _____.
Answer: Increase

Question 4. The cold ocean water from the polar region flows as ______ current towards the equator.
Answer: Under Current

Question 5. The longest national highway of India is NH ______.
Answer: NH-7/NH44

Question 6. Indian Space Research Centre is situated at ______.
Answer: Bengaluru

Question 7. In short, electronic waste is known as ______ waste.
Answer: E

Answer In One Or Two Words (Any Six):

Question 1. Name the largest valley glacier of the world.
Answer: Hubbard (122 km.)

Question 2. Where in the atmosphere over the earth’s surface ozone hole was first discovered?
Answer: Antarctica

Question 3. Name the southernmost mountain pass of the Western Ghats.
Answer: Palghat gap

Question 4. What is the local name of the lagoons in the Kerala coast?
Answer: Koyal

Question 5. Name the highest waterfall of India.
Answer: Jog waterfall

Question 6. In which city of India underground rail first started its journey?
Answer: Kolkata

Question 7. Which is the most populous state of India?
Answer: Uttar Pradesh

Question 8. In what form the satellite imagery is produced?
Answer: FCC/digital data

Match The Left Column With The Right Column:

Left column                                                  Right column
Ratna                                                            1. Pine
Coniferous forest                                          2. Murmagaon
Railway coach manufacturing centre            3. High-yielding variety of rice seed
Iron ore exporting port                                 4. Perambur

Answers:
Ratna: 3. High-yielding variety of rice seed
Coniferous forest: 1. Pine
Railway coach manufacturing centre:  4. Perambur
Iron ore exporting port: 2. Murmagaon

Group C Answer The Following Questions In Brief (Alternatives Should Be Noted):

Question 1. What is Plunge Pool?
Answer:

Plunge Pool:

In mountainous regions, waterfalls are created where the river drops from a considerable height with great velocity. Small depressions or hollows known as potholes are created at the base of the waterfalls due to the pounding of rock fragments brought down by the water. These potholes gradually grow bigger in size to form Plunge Pools.

Or, Define Loess.
Answer:

Loess:

Loess, an unstratified, geologically recent deposit of silty or loamy material that is usually buff or yellowish brown in colour and is chiefly deposited by the wind. Loess is a sedimentary deposit composed largely of silt-size grains that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate.

Question 2. What is relative humidity?
Answer:

Relative humidity:

Relative humidity is the ratio between the actual amount of water vapour present in the air at a temperature and the maximum amount of water vapour which the same volume of air can hold at that temperature. This is expressed as a percentage.

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Or, What do you mean by Perigean tide?
Answer:

Perigean tide:

A Perigean spring tide occurs when the moon is either new or full and closest to Earth. Often between 6-8 times a year, the new or full moon coincides closely in time with the perigee of the moon — the point when the moon is closest to the Earth. These occurrences are often called Perigean Spring tides.

Question 3. What is landfill in waste management?
Answer:

Landfill: Landfilling is the most common method of waste disposal, where the wastes are buried underground. But this method is not of much use in modern days, as this requires a huge vacant land for this purpose.

Or, Define municipal wastes.
Answer:

Municipal wastes:

Wastes produced in cities and municipal areas are called municipal wastes. For e.g., Plastic, Paper, Metal items, Glass, Vegetable peelings, Electrical products, Food waste, etc.

Question 4. Mention two characteristic features of desert vegetation in India.
Answer:

Characteristic features of desert vegetation in India

The main features of the tropical desert vegetation are that the trees are scattered and stunted due to scanty rainfall. Most of the plants are leafless. The two main species of trees found in the region are khejri and cacti.

Or, What do you mean by “Dun”?
Answer:

Dun: Broad longitudinal valleys lying between the main Himalayas and the Shiwalik range formed by the deposition of materials brought down by Himalayan rivers, are called ‘duns’. Eg: Dehradun

Question 5. Define ancillary industry.
Answer:

Ancilliary Industries: Ancilliary industries are associated industries. They grow up when one major large-scale industry is set up.
Example: The engineering industry is an ancillary industry. It grows up depending on iron and steel produced by an iron-steel plant.

Or, Name the two terminal centres of the longest inland waterways in India.
Answer:

The National Waterway 1 (NW-1) or Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system is located in India and runs from Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh to Haldia in West Bengal via Patna and Bhagalpur in Bihar across the Ganges river. It is 1,620 km (1,010 mi) long, making it the longest waterway in India.

Question 6. What do you mean by the sensor?
Answer:

Sensor: A sensor is a specialized camera that is installed in a satellite in order to take photographs of the earth.

Or, State two uses of topographical maps.
Answer:

Importance of Topographical Maps: Topographical maps are a very important part of the study of Geography. Topo sheets give a pictographic representation of the original region with the help of various signs and symbols. It helps to understand the correlation between physical and cultural features present in an area. It helps to understand the problems and prospects of the regions and hence helps in planning accordingly for the development of the place. Most importantly, as the maps are prepared after critically surveying the regions, all sorts of details are found in the maps.

Group D Give A Brief Explanatory Answer Of The Following (Alternatives Should Be Noted):

Question 1. Discuss in brief about three processes of river transportation activity.
Answer:

Transportation: The work by which the river carries away the eroded materials from one place to another is called transportation, the materials that the river transports are called its load.

There are four methods by which the river transports its load:

1. Solution: The materials like salts are usually dissolved in river water and are carried in solution.
2. Suspension: Sand, silt and mud are carried in suspension as the river flows. The majority of the river’s load (about 70%) is carried in this way.
3. Saltation: By this method, the larger loads jump up and then hit the bed and side of the channel and repeat this process to proceed further.
4. Traction load: The materials like rocks, boulders, pebbles, stones etc., which are too heavy to float are rolled along the river bed as traction (pulled) load.
The work of transportation is prominent in the upper and middle course of the river.

“madhyamik bengali question paper 2023 “

Or, Mention the relationship between Jet stream and the Indian Monsoon system.
Answer:

Influence of jet stream on monsoon winds: The westerly jet stream causes high pressure on the Indian sub-continent in winter. Hence the monsoon winds start retreating. During the summer, the Tibetan plateau gets excessively heated and drives the subtropical westerly jet stream north of the Himalayas.

The tropical easterly jet stream blows through the centre of the Indian sub-continent, causing low-pressure conditions. This gradually attracts the monsoon wind. The onset of the monsoon depends on the shifting of the sub-tropical westerly.jet stream northwards, which allows the easterly jet to set in. A sudden shift of the westerly jet stream may cause a huge monsoon Burst’.

Question 2. Classify wastes according to nature along with examples.
Answer:

Waste: Waste is a general term used to describe any material that is discarded because it has served its purpose and is no longer useful. Waste can also be any material that remains at the end of a process and has no further use and so it is thrown away.

According to the Environment Protection Act, of 1990, waste is defined as:

1. Any substance which constitutes a scrap material, an effluent, or other unwanted surplus substance arising from the application of any process; and
2. Any substance or article which requires to be disposed of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled. ‘Waste’ is a matter, that
(1) Occupies some space
(2) Produces smell
(3) As weight.
Today, human beings produce most of the world’s waste. As our knowledge of science and technology increases, we continue to develop processes that exploit natural resources. In this process, the amount of waste we produce also increases.

As matter exists in three states, viz. solid, liquid and gas, we have three types of wastes:
1. Solid Wastes: It includes garbage, i.e., food left-overs, decaying fruits and vegetables, crop residues, etc. and rubbish, including cans, bottles, corroded metal pieces, plastics, wrappers, ashes, body parts of dead animals, septic tanks sludges, etc.
2. Liquid Wastes: It includes sewage from toilets of houses, hospitals, restaurants, offices and factories, etc., and oil spills.
3. Gaseous Wastes: It includes fuel exhausts containing carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, etc., and smog which is formed as a hazy mixture of gases when fuel exhausts react with sunlight.

Waste can also be classified into the following categories:

Toxic and Non-Toxic Waste: Toxic wastes are the wastes which pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. These wastes result from industrial processes, from the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture, biomedical waste generated in hospitals, radioactive wastes and electronic waste or e-waste generated by broken or unwanted electrical appliances such as computers, mobile phones and electronics.

Some of the toxic wastes are arsenic, cyanide, lead, cadmium, nickel, beryllium, uranium and mercury and their compounds, chlorinated solvents, asbestos, organo- chlorine pesticides, photographic wastes, plating sludges, pesticide residues, waste paints and lubricants. Burning produces oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which become toxic at high concentrations.

Some of the s, solid wastes are generated due to domestic activities such as food leftovers, and fruit and vegetable peelings, often stored in dustbins. The wastes produced by shops, offices, restaurants and schools that do not pose a serious problem to animals, plants or to the environment are called Non-toxic Wastes.

Or, State three necessities of waste management.
Answer:

The necessity of Waste Management: Waste creates environmental degradation that mankind. The necessity of waste management are as follows:
1. Pollution Control: Waste pollutes both air, water and soil. This brings an ill impact on the entire biosphere. It even causes a decline of physical resources. Waste management can eradicate the such menace.
2. Eradication of diseases: Waste, if managed judiciously and resourcefully, can prevent the cause of many fatal diseases and epidemics.
3. Overall development: Through waste management earth’s resources can be conserved for future generations.

Question 3. Discuss three advantages each of roadways and railways in India.
Answer:
Roadways:

Advantages:

1. Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short and medium distances.
2. It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads.
3. Road transport system establishes easy contact between farms, fields, factories and markets and provides door-to-door service.

4. Roads can negotiate high gradients and sharp turns which railways cannot do. As such, roads can be constructed in hilly areas also.
5. Roads act as great feeders to railways. Without good and sufficient roads, railways cannot collect sufficient produce to make their operation possible.
6. road transport is more flexible than rail transport. Buses and trucks may be stopped anywhere and at any time on the road for loading and unloading passengers and goods, whereas trains stop only at particular stations.
7. Perishable commodities like vegetables, fruits and milk are transported more easily and quickly by roads than by railways.

Disadvantages :

1. Roadways are not much suited to long-distance travel.
2. Heavy commodities like coal and iron, etc. cannot be easily transported by roads.

3. The rate of road accidents has increased with the increase in road traffic.
4. The rapid increase in vehicles has resulted in air pollution.
5. It is more costly than rail transport.

Railways:

Advantages of Railways: Railways constitute one of the most efficient and cost-effective forms of transportation.

It has the following advantages:
1. Railways help in the easy movement of bulky goods and perishable commodities to distant places.
2. Railways transport raw materials to the production units and finished goods to the markets.

3. Railways have brought the villages closer to the cities and have helped to trans-
4. Railways help in reducing suffering during natural calamities.
5. Railways act as an integrating force, knitting the whole country into one whole with its huge network running throughout the country.

6. Railway facilities ease the movement of police, troops and defence equipment.
7. Railways provide comfortable journeys as the trains have enough space to stretch their legs and move in the corridors. At night, one can sleep comfortably on the berths provided in the trains.

Disadvantages of Railways: Rail transport has the following disadvantages:

1. Rail transport lacks the flexibility of routes. Train tracks cannot be laid in every region of the country like in the hilly areas or remote forest areas.
2. Train travel can be very long and tedious, especially when compared to air travel.
3. Train tracks cannot be laid in every industrial region and trains have to travel to a station, where the cargo is loaded from one form of transportation to another, Most industrial locations have roads leading to them, but not all of them have train tracks leading to them.

4. The trains which run on coal produce lots of air and noise pollution.
5. Trains cannot cross the ocean They are limited to land travel and cannot normally haul products from one continent to another.

Or, State the merits of the agricultural revolution as experienced in the States of Punjab and Haryana.
Answer:

Causes of agricultural development in the states of Punjab and Haryana:

1. Miraculous effects of the Green Revolution due to the introduction of chemical fertilisers, high-yielding varieties of seeds, improvement in irrigation, agricultural extension programmes, etc.
2. Establishment of the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) in Ludhiana as a centre of excellence in agricultural research and application.
3. Introduction of mechanization, government initiatives, etc.

Question 4. Give an account of different types of scales in tabular form as used in “topographical maps”.
Answer:

Topographical sheet	Scale (R.F.)	Latitudinal and longitudinal extent	Map No.	Example
Million sheet	1:10,00,000	4°x4°	40 to 90	73
Degree sheet	1:2,50,000	l°xl°	A to P	73 M
Half-degree sheet	1:50,000	3°x3°	NE, NW,	73 M/E
Fifty thousand	1:50,000	15°x15°	1 to 16	73 M/16
sheet or 15-minute sheet
Special sheet	1:25,000	5°x7°30°	1 to 6	73 M/16/4

Or, Distinguish between Geostationary and Sun-Synchronous satellites.
Answer:

Geostationary Satellites	Sun-Synchronous Satellites
1. The artificial satellites that orbit the earth from west to east in circular orbits at the same time as that of the earth’s rotation (24 hours), are called geostationary satellites.	1. The Sun-synchronous satellites are those which are installed on a geocentric orbit that combines altitude and inclination in such a way, that the satellite passes over any given point of the planet surface at the same local any given point of the planet’s surface at the same local solar time.
2. They are installed at a height of 36,000 km. approximately, above the equator.	2. They are installed at 700-800 km. above the land surface and orbit the earth in circular or elliptical paths from the north pole to south-polar regions.
3. e.g., GOES-E, GOES-W, etc.	3. e.g., IRS, LANDSAT, etc

 

Group E Answer Any Two Questions From The Following:

Question 1. Describe with sketches three landforms carved out by glacial erosion.
Answer:

The main landforms formed by erosion by glaciers are:

1. ‘U’ Shaped valley: The valley formed due to erosion on its bed and sides is called a ‘U’ shaped valley as it resembles the English alphabet ‘U’.

2. Corrie or Cirque: In the source region of the glacier, glacial erosion causes a’ depression in the rock bed, due to which the landform looks like an armchair. It is known as corrie or cirque. When it is filled with meltwater, it forms a cirque lake.

3. Hanging valley: Often the valley of a tributary glacier meets the valley of the main glacier. As the tributary glacier forms a smaller valley than the main glacier, it looks to hang above the main valley glacier. This valley of the tributary glacier is called Hanging Valley.

Question 2. Give an account of the atmospheric layers of the troposphere and stratosphere.
Answer:

Troposphere: This layer extends up to 16-18 km from the earth’s surface over the equator. It is the layer which is connected with the earth’s surface.

1. All the weather-making processes are confined to this layer.
2. Great contrasts in climate and weather are observed in different areas due to changes of temperature in this layer.

3. The presence of most of the water vapour in this layer is responsible for the condensation of clouds and precipitation.
4. Dust particles give rise to fog, clouds, smog, etc. in this layer.
5. Convectional currents are confined to this layer for the heating and cooling of the atmosphere.

Stratosphere: This layer is found up to a height of 50 km above the Troposphere. There is no formation of clouds in this layer and thus there is no weather. There does not exist any danger of the storm. That is why this layer is ideal for aircraft.

1. It is the second layer of the atmosphere above the earth.
2. Its height varies from 16 km at the equator and 72 km at the poles.
3. Temperature is very low and generally increases in the upper part of the layer.
4. It is the non-convective zone of the atmosphere.
5. Cloud, dust particles are practically absent in this layer.

Question 3. Mention the location of Mediterranean climatic region and discuss its major climatic characteristics.
Answer:

Location of Mediterranean climatic region: The Mediterranean climate is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean basin. The lands around the Mediterranean Sea form the largest area where this climate type is found, but it also is found in most of California, in parts of Western and South Australia, in southwestern South Africa, and in central Chile.

Characteristics:
1. The Mediterranean climate is characterised by dry summers and wet winters.
2. Due to the shifting of pressure belts, dry trade winds blow over the region during summer.
3. The westerlies bring rainfall in the region during winter.
4. During summer the climate is pleasant with an average temperature of 54°C.
5. Bright sunshine throughout the year is another feature of the climate.

Question 4. Discuss the influences of ocean currents on global climate.
Answer:

Influence of Ocean Currents: The various influences of ocean currents are as follows:

1. Difference in temperature: The regions where warm ocean currents pass, become comparatively warmer, while the regions where cold ocean currents pass become comparatively cooler.
2. Rainfall: Winds crossing warm ocean currents gather enough moisture and cause much rainfall. But winds causing cold currents do not gather much moisture, hence do not cause much rainfall.
3. Fog and Storms: Regions where warm and cold currents meet remain foggy almost throughout the year and often face storms.
4. Frost-free harbours: Warm currents help to keep the mouths of the harbours of higher latitudes frost-free even in winter.
5. Navigation: Ships can move faster and easily along ocean currents. The movement against the direction of currents is difficult, time-consuming and fuel-consuming.
6. Sandbars: When warm and cold currents meet, the icebergs carried by cold currents melt. The sand, pebbles, etc. being carried by the icebergs get deposited at the base, creating sandbars. These are economically useful as the low depth of the sea in this region attracts much fish which can be easily acquired.
7. Business and commerce: Sandbars are good for the growth of plankton, which is the favourite fish food. A huge number of fish are attracted to these regions. This leads to a huge catch of fish, naturally leading to good business and commerce.

Question 5. Explain the major factors controlling the climate of India.
Answer:

The controlling factors of Indian climate are:

1. Latitudinal location: Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country. As a result, the southern half of the country falls in the Tropical zone while the northern half is in the warm temperate zone. But the country, on the whole, experiences a tropical temperate climate.

2. Monsoon winds: The word is derived from the Arabic word mausim, meaning season. Actually, monsoon winds are the enlarged form of land breezes and sea breezes. The land breeze and sea breeze blow for six months from sea and the other six months from land masses. In the summer season of the Northern hemisphere, low-pressure area is formed over the central hilly and mountainous region of Asia while a high-pressure area is formed in the southern hemisphere. The result is that winds blow from the South of the equator to the North and according to Ferrel’s law, they deflect towards the right. Thus the winds blow from a south-westerly direction. These are known as S.W. monsoon winds.

They divide into two branches: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch. They strike against the Western Ghat mountains giving
early and heavy rain to the coasts of Konkan and Malabar. The S.W. monsoon then loses its moisture and gives no rain or little rain to the Deccan trap (leeward side). Again, when it crosses the Bay of Bengal the winds become moisture-laden and join the Bay branch. It gives rain after striking the eastern Himalayas. Thus Andaman and Nicobar islands experience equatorial rainfall throughout the year and the western coast receives the first downpour of SW monsoon after striking the eastern Himalayas and giving rain to N.E. India and West Bengal. The monsoon currents move westward and give rainfall to the northern plain in the last week of June.

In winter the dry north-east monsoon brings rainfall to the eastern coast (the Tamil Nadu coast) after taking moisture from the Bay of Bengal. During winter the low pressure of the Bay helps in the formation of the cyclonic storm that strikes the coast of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

3. Inter Tropical Convergence: In the winter the Indian climate is influenced by the western disturbances originating from the Mediterranean sea and characterised by snowfall or rainfall (its influence is seen sometimes upto the plains of West Bengal also). Kashmir, Punjab, and Western U.P. receive snowfall or rain during this time.

4. Mountains: Mountains play a significant role in influencing the Indian climate. The Himalayas on one side obstruct the cold winter winds from coming over to India, otherwise, the country would have been a cold desert like Tibet, and on the other side, checks the moisture-laden SW monsoon winds resulting in rainfall throughout the country. Again, the Aravalli range is situated parallel to the direction of NE and SW monsoon
winds making the region rainless.

5. El-Nino and La-Nina: El-Nino is a warm surface ocean current that appears off the coast of Peru in South America. It is a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current flowing along that coast. It happens to increase the temperature of tropical Pacific waters by about 10°C causing flood and drought in the tropical regions of the world. India lying in the Tropical region also experiences such flood or drought situations due to its effect. La-Nina or anti-El-Nino is the cooling of surface ocean water along the tropical west coast of South America. It causes heavier summer monsoons in southeast Asia. This benefits the Indian economy, which depends on monsoons for agriculture and industry.

Question 6. Give an account of favourable physical conditions required for the cultivation of tea in India.
Answer:

Tea requires the following favourable geographical and economic conditions for growth:

Favourable Geographical Conditions:

1. Climate: Tea is a sub-tropical plant and needs a hot and wet climate.
Temperature: Tea requires temperatures between 10°C and 35°C. The growth is retarded if it falls below 18°C. The most suitable temperature for tea growth 25°C.
Rainfall: The tea plant needs rainfall varying between 150 cm and 200 cm. The rainfall should be well-distributed throughout the year. It cannot withstand long spells .of dry weather at any season of the year.
Humidity: High humidity, heavy dews and morning fog favour the rapid development of young leaves.
Winter frost: Widespread winter frost is harmful to the crop.
Shade: Tea is a shade-loving plant and develops more vigorously under light shade. Shade plants are generally grown in tea gardens to avoid direct sunshine on tea.

2. Relief: Almost all the commercially-managed tea plantations are located in highlands and on hill slopes where the natural. drainage is good. Tea cannot tolerate stagnant water and thus waterlogged lowland areas are least suited to tea cultivation.

3. Soils: Tea requires well-drained sandy loam with porous subsoil. The sandy loam is considered the best soil for tea cultivation. The soil must be deep and have a moderately open texture. Virgin forest soils, containing a good deal of iron and humus, are ideal for tea cultivation.

Favourable Economic Conditions:
1. Labour: Tea cultivation and processing are labour-intensive. The work of field preparation, weeding, manuring, pruning and picking goes on all year round on the tea estates. Tea plucking requires an abundant supply of cheap labour. Female labour is preferred for tea picking because it is a tedious job, requiring both skill and patience. Plucking demands a skilled manipulation of fingers, as with care, two leaves and bud are to be plucked out at a time.

2. Capital: Tea is very capital-intensive cultivation. Tea estate requires a heavy amount of capital.
3. Fertilizer: Tea is an exhausting crop, and as such, requires manuring of the soil.

Question 7. Explain why cotton textile industry is extensively developed in Western India.
Answer:

The favourable conditions for growing cotton are:

Geographical:

1. Temperature: 23° – 32°C with an average around 27°C.
2. Sunshine: Plenty of sunshine during the growing period and cooler conditions during harvest.
3. Rainfall: 50-80 cm of rainfall well-distributed during the growing period. But rainfall is injurious after the budding period.
4. Frost: At least 200 frost-free days are required.
5. Soil: Black cotton soil or regular soil is the best for cotton.
6. Land: Flat or undulating land with good drainage and no water logging is good for cotton.

Economic:

1. Labour: Much labour is required for planting, thinning of seedlings, hoeing, inspection of pests, picking of balls, etc.
2. Transport: Good transport system helps in carrying raw cotton to factories and finished products to markets.
3. Fertilisers and pesticides: Cotton is highly soil-exhaustive. Hence fertilisers are necessary to maintain soil fertility. Pesticides are used to control pest attacks.
4. HYV: High yielding variety of seeds like MCU-4, MCU-5, Hybrid-4, Sujata, Varalaxmi, etc. help to raise the yield of cotton per hectare.

Question 8. Discuss the major problems of Urbanization in India.
Answer:

The major problems faced due to urbanisation in India are:

1. Unplanned growth of urban areas: Rapid concentration of population in urban areas led to unplanned and unsystematic growth of towns and cities. Also, such unplanned growth of urban areas is engulfing much amount of the agricultural land in the outskirts.

2. Accommodation: The rapidly growing population is difficult to house in the already existing urban areas. Hence, the growth of slums and downtrodden areas is seen in the fringes of towns and cities.

3. Availability of water: The amount of water available is not sufficient for the rapidly growing urban population. Hence, scarcity of water occurs.

4. Unemployment: A huge section of the population comes to urban areas in search of work. But all of them do not get employment. Hence, the total percentage of unemployed in the urban area increases.

5. Sewage and garbage disposal: The volume of disposable solid and liquid wastes is difficult to handle with the present sewage system of urban areas. Thus, water dumping and logging of drains occur in urban areas, especially in slum areas.

6. Insufficient transport, education, medical and other social facilities: The available transport, education, medical and other facilities are not enough for the rapidly growing urban population.

7. Pollution and environmental degradation: Over-population causes a high rate of pollution and misuse and over-use of resources cause environmental degradation.

Group ‘A’

Choose The Correct Answer:

Question 1.’Jibaner Jharapata’ is
1. A novel
2. A Book Of Poems
3. A biography
4. An autobiography

Answer: 4. An autobiography

Question 2. Somprakash’ was
1. Daily paper
2. A Weekly paper
3. A Fortnightly paper
4. A Monthly Paper

Answer: 2. A Weekly paper

Question 3. The publisher of the English Translation of ‘Neeldarpan’ was
1. Kaliprasanna Singha
2. Michael Madhusudan Dutta
3. Harischandra Mukhopadhyaya
4. Rev. James Long

Answer: 4. Rev. James Long

Question 4. The practice of Sati was prohibited in
1. 1828 A.D.
2. 1829 A.D.
3. 1830 A.D
4. 1856 A.D.

Answer: 2. 1829 A.D.

” wbchse last 5 years question paper pdf with answers history”

Question 5. The idea of Sarva Dharma Samannwaya was propagated by
1. Bijoy Krishna Goswami
2. Swami Vivekananda
3. Sri Ramakrishna
4. Keshab Chandra Sen

Answer: 3. Sri Ramakrishna

Question 6. Kol1 rebellion (1831 -32) took place in
1. Medinipore
2. Jhargram
3. Chhotonagpore
4. Ranchi

Answer: 3. Chhotonagpore

Question 7. The First Forest Act was passed in India in
1. 1859 A.D.
2. 1860 A.D.
3. 1865 A.D.
4. 1878 A.D.

Answer: 3. 1865 A.D.

Question 8. The Revolt of 1857 was described as India’s First War of Independence by
1. Rameshchandra Mazumdar
2. Surendranath sen
3. Binayak Damodar Savarkar
4. Dadabhai Nauroji

Answer: 3. Binayak Damodar Savarkar

Question 9. The rule of East-India Company in India came to an end in
1. 1857 A.D.
2. 1858 A.D.
3. 1919 A.D.
4. 1947 A.D.

Answer: 2. 1858 A.D.

Question 10. First President of the Indian Association was
1. Surendranath Bandyopadhyay
2. Anandamohan Bose
3. Rev. Krishnamohan Bandyopadhyay
4. Sibnath Sastri

Answer: 3. Rev. Krishnamohan Bandyopadhyay

Question 11. The first printed book in the Bengali language was
1. Barnaparichy
2. A Grammar of the Bengal Language
3. Mangal Samachar Matier
4. Annadamanga!

Answer: 2. A Grammar of the Bengal Language

Question 12. The scientist of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science who was awarded the Nobel prize was
1. Jagadischandra Bose
2. C.V. Raman
3. Prafullachandra Roy
4. Satyendranath Bose

Answer: 2. C.V. Raman

Question 13. The Boycott movement economically affected
1. Peasants of Bengal
2. Middle Class
3. Zamindars
4. Students

Answer: 2. Middle Class

Question 14. Baba Ramchandra led the peasants’ movement in
1. Bihar
2. United province
3. Rajasthan
4. Maharashtra

Answer: 2. United province

Question 15. Rampa Tribal rebellion was organised in
1. Malabar region
2. Konkon Coastal area
3. Orissa
4. Godavari Valley

Answer: 4. Godavari Valley

Question 16. ‘Nari Karma Mandir’ was established by
1. Urmila Devi
2. Basanti Devi
3. Kalpana Dutta
4. Leela Roy (Nag)

Answer: 1. Urmila Devi

Question 17. The revolutionary group founded by Surya Sen was known as
1. Anushilan Samity
2. Gadar Dal
3. Indian Republican Army
4. Bengal Volunteers

Answer: 3. Indian Republican Army

Question 18. Dalits were called ‘Harijan’ by
1. Jyotiba Phule
2. Narayan Guru
3. Gandhiji
4. Dr. Ambedkar

Answer: 3. Gandhiji

Question 19. The separate linguistic state of Andhra Pradesh was formed in the year
1. 1947 A.D.
2. 1950 A.D.
3. 1953 A.D.
4. 1955 A.D.

Answer: 3. 1953 A.D.

Question 20. Goa became a part of India in
1. 1947 A.D.
2. 1956 A.D.
3. 1961 A.D.
4. 1971 A.D.

Answer: 3. 1961 A.D.

Group’B’

Answer Each Of The Following Questions In One Sentence:

Question 1. In which historical context the ‘Bharatmata’ was painted?
Answer: ‘Bharatmata’ was painted in the historical context of the Swadeshi movement.

Question 2. Where was founded the All India Trade Union Congress (1920)?
Answer: The All India Trade Union Congress was founded in Bombay.

Question 3. In which year was the Forward Bloc founded?
Answer: The Forward Bloc was founded by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1939.

Question 4. Who is the founder of the Matua Community?
Answer: Harichand Thakur was the founder of the Matua community.

“west bengal tet question paper with answer key “

Identify Which Of The Following Is ‘True or ‘False’:

Question 1. Uday Shankar encouraged educated middle class Bengalees in dance.
Answer: True

Question 2. Indian Association protested against the Ilbert Bill.
Answer: False

Question 3. Faraji is the name of an ancient tribe.
Answer: False

Question 4. Vidyasagar introduced the Linotype in Bengali.
Answer: False

Match Column ‘A’ With Column ‘B‘:

Column ‘A’                                             Column ‘B’
Jawaharlal Nehru                                   1. Non-co-operation movement
Birendranath Sashmal                            2. Poona Pact (1932)
Kaliprasanna Singha                               3. “Letters from a Father to his Daughter”
Dr. Ambedkar                                         4. Custom Pyanchar Naksha

Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru:  3. “Letters from a Father to his Daughter”
Birendranath Sashmal:  1. Non-co-operation movement
Kaliprasanna Singha:  4. Hutom Pyanchar Naksha
Dr. Ambedkar: 2. Poona Pact (1932)

Select The Correct Interpretation Of The Following Statements:

Statement 1: Nineteenth-century Bengal Renaissance was limited in scope.
Interpretation 1. Because only rural Bengal experienced it.
Interpretation 2. Because this renaissance was limited to the field of literature.
Interpretation 3. Because this renaissance was Limited to a western educated progressive society.

Answer:
Interpretation 3. Because this renaissance was Limited to a western educated progressive society.

Statement 2: The British Govt, passed the Act-Ill in 1872.
Interpretation 1. Its object was to unite the Hindu, Muslim, and Christian Communities.
Interpretation 2. Its object was to develop the economic, social, and cultural development of the people.
Interpretation 3. Its object was to ban child marriage and polygamy and also to legalize widow remarriage.

Answer:
Interpretation 3. Its object was to ban child marriage and polygamy and also to legalise widow remarriage.

Statement 3: Rabindranath didn’t like the colonial system of education.
Interpretation 1. Because this system was expensive.
Interpretation 2. Because the medium of instruction was vernacular.
Interpretation 3. Because this system did not help the mental development of the student. Because this system did not help the mental development of the student.

Answer:
Interpretation 3. Because this system did not help the mental development of the student. Because this system did not help the mental development of the student.

Statement 4: Sarala Devi Chowdhurani established Lakshmir Bhandar.
Interpretation 1. To sell foreign goods.
Interpretation 2. To help women who were engaged in movements.
Interpretation 3. To sell indigenous goods.

Answer:
Interpretation 3. To sell indigenous goods.

“wbchse last 5 years question paper pdf “

Group ‘C

Answer The Following Questions In Two Or Three Sentences Only (Any Eleven):

Question 1. What is the importance of the history of the environment?
Answer:

Importance of History of Environment: The importance of the history of the environment lies in the fact that it helps to understand the human role in the conservation of nature. It also helps to realize the impact of human beings on pollution and health. It also opens our eyes to the scarcity of resources and their conservation for nature.

Question 2. How are memoirs or autobiographies used as sources of modern Indian history?
Answer:

While autobiography tells the story of a life, a memoir often tells a story from life. In the reconstruction of modern Indian history, the autobiographies of eminent personalities of contemporary India are of immense value. In this context, the Jibamsmriti of Rabindranath, My Experiments with Truth of Mahatma Gandhi, etc. are most important.

Question 3. What is Macaulay’s Minute?
Answer:

Macaulay’s Minute: Macaulay’s Minute is a landmark in the history of education in India. In his Minute, known as Education Minute, Macaulay expressed his views in favor of introducing liberal education on Western lines through the medium of English in India.

Question 4. What was the role of Young Bengal in social reform?
Answer:

The students of Derozio, collectively known as the Young Bengal, played an important role in the social reform of contemporary India. They spoke loudly about the evil effects of idolatry and superstition. So much so that some of them even renounced the sacred thread (paita).

Question 5. Why is Dudu Mian remembered?
Answer:

Dudu Mian: Dudumiyan, leader of the Ferazi movement, is remembered because he gave a fervent call to the peasants to rise against the oppressive zamindars, indigo-planters, and moneylenders. He even declared the Allah was the real owner of the land, the zamindars had no right to levy tax on the peasants.

Question 6. What was the role of Harischandra Mukhopadhyay in the Indigo Revolt?
Answer:

The role of Harischandra Mukhopadhyay in the Indigo Revolt

Harishchandra did not hesitate to publicize the grievances of the indigo cultivators through the paper Hindu patriot of which he was the Editor. The financial help he rendered to the Indigo cultivators virtually made him a paper.

Question 7. What was the main objective of the Queen’s Proclamation (1858)?
Answer:

The main objective was to bring an end to the East India Company’s rule in India. Simultaneously, Queen Victoria of England directly assumed the responsibility of the Indian administration in her own hands.

Question 8. With what purposes are Cartoons drawn?
Answer:

Cartoons are drawn in order to present a feature or a subject in a humorous way. These are often caricatures signifying disapproval of an incident or an action.

Question 9. What was the role of Panchanan Karmakar in the development of the printing press in Bengal?
Answer:

Andrews, a Christian missionary, established a printing press at Hughli. In order to print Nathaniel Brassey Halhed’s A Grammar of the Bengal Language, he needed a Banglatype. Under the supervision of English typographer Charles Wilkins, Panchanan Karmakar created the first Bengali typeface for printing.

Question 10. What is the importance of the Battala publications in the history of the Bengali printing press?
Answer:

Battala is the name of an area in North Calcutta (Kolkata) where printing and publication began in the 19,h century. The Battle printers enriched their printing imitating the European technology of wood-cuts and lithographs. Using such technology they decorated their books with illustrations.

Question 11. Why was the ‘Eka’ movement initiated?
Answer:

Motive behind the Eka Movement: The Eka movement was initiated by the peasants of the U.P. against the oppression of British officials. The peasants took a vow that they would pay only the recorded amount of rent.

Question 12. Why was the Bardauli Satyagraha movement organized?
Answer:

The peasants of Bardoii in the Surat district of Gujrat began the Satyagraha movement under the leadership of Vallabhbhai Patel. The movement was organised in protest of an unprecedented hike in the land-revenue.

Question 13. With What objective was the Anti-Circular Society Founded?
Answer:

The objective of Anti-Circular Society: The Anti-Circular Society was organised by Sachindranath Basu. The objective was to encourage the students to participate in the Swadeshi agitation. The society also made necessary arrangements for the education of the students who were expelled from schools and colleges by the government authorities.

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Question 14. Why Was the Dipali Sangha established?
Answer:

Establishment of Dipali Sangha: In 1924 Leela Roy organized the Dipali Sangha. The objective was to spread education amongst the womenfolk. But the real objective of the Sangha was to initiate the members to revolutionary ideals.

Question 15. Under what circumstances Hari Singh, the ruler of Kashmir signed the Instrument of Accession?
Answer:

In 1947 the Pathan tribesmen, unofficially led by the Pakistan army, invaded Kashmir. Hari Singh, the then Maharaja of Kashmir, appealed to India for military help. India agreed to help on the condition that the Maharaja would formally accede Kashmir to India. It was under this background that Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession.

Question 16. Why was the States Reorganisation Commission (1953) formed?
Answer:

After Independence from British rule the Government of India found it necessary to reorganize the state boundaries. Accordingly, the States Reorganization Commission was constituted in 1953 under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali.

Group- ‘D’

Answer Six Questions In All.

Question 1. What picture of 19th-century Bengalee society is revealed in the book “Custom Pyanchar Naksha”?
Answer:

Hooton Pyanchar Naksha: Hootum Pyachar Naksha, written by Kali Prasanna Singha, was first published in 1862. The book occupies a special place in Bengali literature. During the nineteenth century, several factors caused some kind of strain within the Bengalee society. The factors included conversion to Christianity, the emergence of Brahmanism, sea voyage declared irreligious by the orthodox section, etc. Simultaneously, social reform program was adopted by the reformers of the time, etc. All this which caused turmoil in the society found expression in the pages of the Hootum Pyanchar Naksha. Hooton was a keen observer. He looked at the changes that had been taking place. He noticed and expressed with irony and humor how the old and the new lived side by side.

Question 2. What role did Calcutta Medical College play in the field of medical science in this country?
Answer:

Calcutta Medical College of Bengal founded in 1835 was the first institution in India to impart systematic education in Western medicine. The College that was established by an order of 28 January 1835 ushered in a new era in the history of medical education in India. The stated objective was to train native youths aged between 14 and 20 in the principles and practices of medical science in accordance with the European model. This marked the end of official patronage of indigenous medical learning. Different sections of the Indian population responded to this newly founded system of education in different ways. The Calcutta Medical College was the first in the country to teach the European medicine system. Besides, Madhusudan Gupta stands out as the person who first dissected a corpse at Calcutta Medical College.

Question 3. With what objectives the Colonial Government enacted the Forest Laws?
Answer:

The objective behind the Forest Laws:

1. The objective of the colonial British Government in enacting the Forest Laws was to control the forest resources of the country. In fact, the needs and greed of the colonial rulers dictated them to introduce the Forest Acts.
2. As the colonial rulers needed timber for the mother country, Britain’s shipbuilding, and laying of the railway lines, the Government introduced Forest laws restricting the common people’s access to forest resources. Another motive of the colonial government was to earn more and more revenue by commercializing the forest resources of India.
3. Total governmental control over the forests through the Forest Acts also aimed at expansion of the state power, (iv) This also constituted curtailment of local communities free access to the forests and rights over forest resources. The above are some of the objectives of the colonial government in enacting the Forest Acts.

Question 4. Can the Great Revolt of 1857 be termed as a feudal revolt?
Answer:

Opinions vary regarding the nature of the Revolt of 1857. The debate over it started from the very moment of its happened. Different opinions have been expressed by renowned litterateurs and historians Jawaharlal Nehru, for example, emphasized the feudal character of the Revolt of 1857. According to him, there was no plan, no coordination among the rebels of different regions of the country. Moreover, as some of the zamindars and talukdars (landed magnates) participated in the Revolt, it would at best give it a feudal character. Modern historians, however, are of the opinion that though it began with the uprising of the sepoys, it soon assumed the nature of a revolt of the civilian population which gave it the character of a popular upsurge in the form of a revolt. Thus the Revolt of 1857 cannot be termed as a ‘feudal revolt’.

Question 5. What was the contribution of Ganga Kishore Bhattacharyya in the growth of the Bengali printing press?
Answer:

The contribution of Ganga Kishore Bhattacharyya in the growth of the Bengali printing press

Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya was a versatile genius. He was a writer, editor, printer, and publisher at the one and the same time. He was credited with publishing the first Bengali newspaper — Bengal Gazette. Gangakishore was a prolific writer and wrote several books to fulfill the needs of the people. He wrote Grammar of English Language in simple Bengali language for the benefit of the students. Besides, he wrote several books in Bengali on business and economics. He also wrote books on medicine and chemistry in Bengali. As an editor, Gangakishore Bhattacharya attempted to utilize the press for social reform.

Question 6. How did the Serampore Mission Press develop into a front-ranking printing press?
Answer:

With the foundation of the Serampore Mission in 1800 began a new era in the history of missionary activities in India. But no less important was the activity of the mission in the field of printing. In his mission to translate Christian scripture in the vernacular languages of India William Carey translated almost the entire Bible in Bengali.

Carey also brought with him old press machinery and set up a printing press. This was the Serampore Mission Press that published the first New Testament in Bengali in 1801. Not only that, the Serampore Mission Press developed into the biggest type- of foundry in contemporary Asia.

The greatest contribution of the Serampore Mission Press was that it printed and published the Bible translated into forty Indian languages. In the process of translation, the Serampore Mission Press contributed to the growth of numerous Indian languages.

Question 7. Write a short note on the Refugee Problem in India after Partition (1947).
Answer:

Refugee Problem in India after Partition (1947):

Partition resulted in the killing of several thousand people. A few times more than that people were displaced and uprooted from their homeland and were forced to find their way to the Indian side of Bengal (West Bengal) and Punjab.

People have some money at their disposal and could reconstruct their lives in West Bengal with relative ease. But for most people, it was not possible. Some went to the refugee camps set up by the Government in West Bengal while others settled in the squatters’ colonies (refugee colonies as they were called in the Bengali language).

In the initial stage, the Government of India was primarily concerned about the rehabilitation of the refugees from West Pakistan. The national leadership was undecided regarding the responsibilities towards the Hindu refugees who migrated in huge numbers to West Bengal from East Pakistan.

Question 8. How was the princely state of Hyderabad incorporated into India?
Answer:

Hyderabad was the largest of the princely states, and was surrounded by Indian territory. At the time the British left India Mir Osman Ali Khan Asad Jah VII was the ruling Nizam of Hyderabad. He refused to join either India or Pakistan and preferred to remain as the ruler of an independent kingdom.

The prevailing internal chaos and confusion in Hyderabad which was a cause of alarm to the Government of India further complicated the situation. In fact, a reign of terror was let loose in Hyderabad by the Razakars under the leadership of Qasim Rizvi.

When repeated protests and attempts at a peaceful solution seemed to be of no avail and the danger to people and their life and property continued unabated the Government of India decided upon ‘police action’ in Hyderabad.

Indian military forces under the command of General J.N. Chaudhuri entered Hyderabad on 13 September (1949) and by the 16th the Nizam surrendered. In November, Nizam formally joined the Indian Union. This was how Hyderabad was annexed to India.

Group ‘E’

Answer Any One Question In Fifteen Or Sixteen Sentences:

Question 1. What was the role of the various Brahma Samajas in the movement for social reform in nineteenth-century Bengal?
Answer:

The role of the various Brahma Samajas in the movement for social reform in nineteenth-century Bengal

The Brahma Samaj founded by Rammohan Roy was destined to become a dynamic force for progressive movements in Bengal. Under Rammohan the Brahmo Samaj worked hard for a classless society and the regeneration of womenfolk.

Under Debendranath Tagore the Brahmo Samaj aimed at social reform like promoting female education, and abolition of child marriage. With the joining of Keshab Chandra Sen, the Brahmo Samaj took up a large-scale program of social reform.

After Keshab Chandra Sen broke away from the Brahmo Samaj and formed the Brahmo Samaj of India in 1865 the latter created an enthusiasm for social reform amongst the youths of Bengal. A further division in the Brahmo movement became inevitable when most of the followers of Keshab Chandra Sen renounced his leadership.

Such people formed the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1878. The social reform carried out by Sadharan Brahmo Samaj caused much uplift in the position of women. There was no distinction in the point of education between boys and girls.

Yet another splinter group of the Brahmo Samaj was the Nababidhan formed by Keshab Chandra Sen. Nababidhan was purely a religious organization practicing amity and friendly relationship between Islam, Christianity, and Shaivism (Hinduism).

Question 2. Briefly discuss the ideas of Rabindranath Tagore on the synthesis between Nature, man, and Education.
Answer:

Education in Harmony with Nature:

1. Tagore’s Views: Tagore felt that for the students it is necessary to “dream to live in harmony with the environment”. He used to say that true education consisted in knowing the use of any useful material that had been collected and knowing its real nature. Elaborating the concept of education Tagore said: “…..neither the education of the senses nor the education of the intellect, but the education of the feeling should receive the place of honor in our schools our true education is possible

2. Idea of the School: Rabindranath founded his own school based on his ideas of education at Shantiniketan in 1901. The school was set up following the model of the ancient (Vedic period) forest schools in India. The idea that inspired him to start the school has been wonderfully expressed in a letter written by Rabindranath to Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose. He wrote that the school that he was trying to start would be conducted just on the lines of residential institutions of ancient times. Further, he expressed that, “There shall not be the least trace of luxury. We shall not be able to become true Hindu if we do not learn rigid Brahmacharya. Frivolity and luxury are degenerating to us. Wants of all descriptions are over-powering as only because we are failing to accept poverty with equanimity”. The inauguration of Shantiniketan school, called Brahmacharyasram, took place on 22 December 1901. It was started on a small scale.

3. Aims of the School: The aims were:
1. To ensure that the students are taught the importance of Indian heritage.
2. To give it a universal humanist outlook.
3. To provide all-round development of the students. The students had no fixed curriculum. The goal of education was to ‘synthesize knowledge and feeling’. In the words of Rabindranath, Shantiniketan was a ‘sapling’ which was to grow into Visva Bharati, ‘a widely branching tree.

4. Cultural Synthesis: Rabindranath strongly felt that harmony and mutual understanding between the two cultures — East and West—was essential for mutual benefit. With this end in view, Rabindranath built up an educational institution in the form of Visva Bharati. By way of explaining the aim and function of Visva Bharati, Rabindranath said that being strongly impressed by the need and responsibility he had laid the initiative of an international university for promoting mutual understanding between the East and the West. The institution, he said, would invite students from the West and the East to study the different systems of Indian philosophy, literature, art, and music. It is evident from what had been said by Rabindranath that Visva Bharati was developed as a center of Indian culture.

Question 3. Discuss the role of the Leftists in the Anti-Colonial Movements of 20th Century India.
Answer:

Characteristics of the Leftist Movement in 20th Century India: If we discuss the participation of leftist politics in the anti-colonial movement of the twentieth century, a number of interesting features can be observed.

1. No organized existence: During the first decade of the twentieth century leftist politics had hardly any organised existence. There was some organised form after World War I.

2. Influence of Russian Revolution: The birth of leftist politics was from the Russian Revolution. So, armed revolutionary movement started against the British imperialist power which speeded up the nationalist movements of the Congress.

3. Anti-colonial movement: The leftists converted the anti-colonial movement into a mass movement. The main feature of their movement was to raise an uncompromising war against the British.

4. Mass participation: Mass awakening started through participation in the anti-colonial movement of the leftist politics. They had helped in bringing success to India’s freedom struggle, sometimes by giving a lot of importance to Congress and sometimes by joining it.

5. Labour organisations: The leftists supported various labor organisations and used the strikes as tools of the anti-imperialist movement.

6. Support & criticism of Congress: The leftists kept their protests alive sometimes by supporting Congress and sometimes criticizing it. However, economic demands and democratic ideals were always more important to them than political freedom.

7. Economic independence: Through their labor organisations, the leftists sent a clear message to the Congress and the British that economic independence was the primary demand and characteristic of their movement.

8. Participation of British communists: A noticeable feature of leftist politics was the participation of British communists. But the Indians were misled a number of times because of their influence.

9. Wavering from ideals: During the anti-colonial movement, the leftists were found wavering from their ideals at times. Sometimes they had to move away from extreme left ideals also.