NEET Biology Single Cell Protein And Tissue Culture Multiple Choice Question And Answers

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Biology MCQ For NEET With Answers Single Cell Protein And Tissue Culture

Question 1. Single-cell protein refers to

  1. A specific protein extracted from pure culture of single type of cells
  2. Sources of mixed proteins extracted from pure or mixed culture of organisms or cells
  3. Proteins extracted from a single cell
  4. A specific protein extracted from a single cell

Answer: 2. Sources of mixed proteins extracted from pure or mixed culture of organisms or cells

Single-cell protein refers to sources of mixed proteins extracted from pure or mixed culture of microorganisms or microbes. The cell of microorganisms are dried and used as a protein source.

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Question 2. Single-cell proteins are derived from

  1. Plant
  2. Microbes
  3. Recombinant dna technology
  4. All of the above

Answer: 2. Microbes

Question 3. Single-cell proteins and alternative protein source is obtained form microorganisms like

  1. Spirulina
  2. Methylophilus methylotrophs
  3. Candida utilise
  4. All of the above

Answer: 4. Candida utilise

  • Single-cell proteins are the dried cells of microorganisms belonging to bacteria, yeasts, molds, higher fungi, and some algae. example,
  • Bacteria – Methylophilus – methylotrophs
  • Yeast -Candida utilise
  • Cyanobacteria – Spirulina

Biology MCQ For NEET With Answers

NEET Biology Single Cell Protein And Tissue Culture Multiple Choice Question And Answers

Question 4. Production of SCP involves

  1. Preparation of suitable medium with a suitable carbon source
  2. Prevention of contamination of medium
  3. Production of desired microorganism followed by separation of microbial biomass
  4. All of the above

Answer: 4. All of the above

All given options involve the production of SCP.

Question 5. Which is taken as protein supplements in diet?

  1. Chlorella
  2. Gracilaria
  3. Spirulina
  4. All of these

Answer: 4. All of these

  • All given microbes are taken as protein supplements in diet.
  • Chlorella is protein-rich green alga and produces an annual yield of 20 tonnes of proteins per acre.
  • Spirulina is a rich source of protein and

Question 6. From 250 g of Methylophilus methylotrophic bacterium, the amount of proteins that can be produced is

  1. 15 tonnes of proteins
  2. 25 tonnes of proteins
  3. 35 tonnes of proteins
  4. 50 tonnes of proteins

Answer: 2. 25 tonnes of proteins

  • A 250 kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day.
  • In the same period, 250 g of a microorganism like Methylophilus methylotrophs, because of its high rate of biomass production and growth, can produce about 25 tonnes of proteins.

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Question 7. Spirulina belongs to

  1. Cyanobacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Protozoan
  4. Brown algae

Answer: 1. Cyanobacteria

Spirulina belongs to cyanobacteria. These are also called as blue-green algae due to their blue-green color appearance.

Question 8. Consider the following statements.

  1. Single-cell proteins are not easy to grow.
  2. Single-cell proteins provide nutrient-rich food.

Choose the correct option.

  1. Statement 1 is correct, but 2 is incorrect
  2. Statement 1 is incorrect, but 2 is correct
  3. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct
  4. Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

Answer: 2. Statement 1 is incorrect, but 2 is correct

  • The incorrect statement can be corrected as
  • Single cell proteins are easy to grow, microbes can be grown on materials like wastewater from potato processing plants, straw, molasses, animal manure, and sewage.

Question 9. Increase in dependence on Single Cell Protein (SCP) as a nutrient resource reduces

  1. Environmental pollution
  2. Greenhouse effect
  3. Global warming
  4. Production and growth of crop

Answer: 1. Environmental pollution

  • The microorganisms used in the production of SCP use such substrates which otherwise cause environmental pollution.
  • Therefore, the production of SCP helps in the reduction of environmental pollution.

Question 10. SCP is rich in high quality of and poor in content.

  1. Protein, minerals
  2. Protein, fats
  3. Fats, protein
  4. Lipid, protein

Answer: 2. Protein, fats

The SCP is rich in high quality of protein and poor in fats content.

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Question 11. Tissue culture means

  1. Cultivation of tissue in the laboratory through formation of new cells
  2. Introduction of new tissue in an animal body
  3. A technique for maintaining fragments of cells alive after their removal from an organism
  4. Maintaining tissue alive by immersing it partially in a nutrient fluid

Answer: 1. Cultivation of tissue in the laboratory through formation of new cells

Plant tissue culture is a technique of growing or cultivating cells, tissues, or organs in sterilized nutrient media under controlled aseptic conditions.

Question 12. Aseptic culture means

  1. Absence of life
  2. Presence of bacteria
  3. Absence of other organisms like microbes
  4. Parthenogenetic development

Answer: 3. Absence of other organisms like microbes

Aseptic procedures ensure that cultures are free of microbes (i.e. absence of other organisms like microbes) that can overwhelm and kill a tissue culture explant.

Question 13. Axenic culture is

  1. Culture of tissue
  2. Culture of genes
  3. Pure culture without any contamination
  4. Pure culture of a microbe without any nutrient

Answer: 3. Pure culture without any contamination

  • Tissue culture support the growth and development of isolated plant cells, tissues or organs on an artificial, nutritive medium.
  • Generally, such cultures are axenic, which means there is no other life form or contamination present on the culture medium than the plant tissue of interest.

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Question 14. Which of the following terms is used to describe the component isolated from a plant, for in vitro culturing in the specific medium?

  1. Callus
  2. Embryoid
  3. Synthetic seeds
  4. Explant

Answer: 4. Explant

  • The plant tissue or organ excised and used for in vitro culture is known as explant.
  • Any plant part such as shoot tip, root tip, leaf tip, pollen grains, etc., may be used as an explant.
  • The choice of explant depends mainly on the objective of the culture and the regeneration potential of different organs of a plant species.

Question 15. The enzyme used for the isolation of vsingle cell from explant/cell is

  1. Pectinase
  2. Catalase
  3. Ligninase
  4. Both 1 and 3

Answer: 1. Pectinase

  • The enzyme used for the isolation of single cell from an explant cell is pectinase.
  • The cell walls of cell are digested by enzymes like pectinase and cellulase to expose the naked protoplasts.

Question 16. A plant cell has potential to develop into full plant. This property of the plant cell is called

  1. Tissue culture
  2. Totipotency
  3. Pluripotency
  4. Gene cloning

Answer: 2. totipotency

  • Totipotency is the ability of a living somatic plant cell to develop into a complete plant.
  • This technique is now used for multiplying rare and endangered plants through micropropagations.

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Question 17. Who proposed the idea of totipotency of a plant cell?

  1. PR White
  2. Louis Pasteur
  3. FC Steward
  4. G Haberlandt

Answer: 4. G Haberlandt

G Haberlandt gave the idea that every cell is totipotent.

Question 18. Totipotency was demonstrated by

  1. Mendel
  2. Gautheret
  3. Haberlandt
  4. FC Steward

Answer: 4. FC Steward

Totipotency was first demonstrated by FC Steward et. al (1964) using phloem cells of carrot.

Question 19. In tissue culture method, the embryoids formed from pollen grain is due to

  1. Cellular totipotency
  2. Organogenesis
  3. Triple fusion
  4. Callus culture

Answer: 1. Cellular totipotency

  • Cellular totipotency is the ability of cell to give rise to a complete plant when cultured in a suitable culture medium at appropriate temperature and aeration condition.
  • Embryoids from pollen grains in tissue culture are formed by this property only.

Question 20. Cellular totipotency is demonstrated by

  1. All eukaryotic cells
  2. Only bacterial cells
  3. Only gymnosperm cells
  4. All plant cells

Answer: 4. All plant cells

Cellular totipotency is demonstrated by all plant cells due to dedifferentiation, till they are viable.

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Question 21. What is a clone?

  1. A heterozygote produced by sexual means
  2. A homozygote produced by asexual means
  3. A heterozygote produced by asexual means
  4. A homozygote produced by sexual means

Answer: 2. A homozygote produced by asexual means

A clone is an organism or cell or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical or homozygous.

Question 22. Tissue culture technique can produce infinite number of new plants from a small parental tissue. The economic importance of the technique is in raising

  1. Variants through picking up somaclonal variations
  2. Genetically uniform population identical to the original parent
  3. Homozygous diploid plants
  4. Development of new species

Answer: 2. Genetically uniform population identical to the original parent

  • The method of producing thousands or infinite number of new plants from a small parental tissue through tissue culture is called micropropagation.
  • Each of these plants are genetically identical to the original parent plant, from which they were grown, i.e. they are some clones.
  • Many important food plants like tomatoes, bananas, apples have been produced on a commercial scale using this method.

Question 23. A commonly used medium in tissue culture is

  1. Knop’s medium
  2. Haberlandt’s medium
  3. Tulecke’s medium
  4. Murashige and Skoog’s medium

Answer: 4. Murashige and Skoog’s medium

  • Murashige and Skoog’s medium is a plant growth medium used in the laboratories for cultivation of plant cell or tissue cultures.
  • It was invented by plant scientists Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog in 1962.

Question 24. Agar is added to tissue culture medium as

  1. A sugar
  2. A micronutrients
  3. A solidifying agent
  4. Stimulus for rooting

Answer: 3. A solidifying agent

Agar melts on heating but solidifies at room temperature. So, it is used to prepare a solid culture medium.

Question 25. Agar is obtained from which of the following alga?

  1. Sargassum
  2. Spirogyra
  3. Gelidium
  4. Chondrus crispus

Answer: 3. Gelidium

  • Agar is a polysaccharide obtained from the most advanced, red algae, Gelidium, Gracilaria, and Pterocladia.
  • It is used as artificial culture media.

Question 26. The explant is disinfected using

  1. 1 % sodium hypochlorite
  2. 10 % hydrogen peroxide
  3. 70 % ethanol
  4. All of the above

Answer: 4. All of the above

Explant can be disinfected using a particular concentration of 1% sodium hypochlorite, 10% hydrogen peroxide, or 70% ethanol.

Question 27. Consider the following statements.

  1. The process of treating explants with chemicals is called surface sterilisation.
  2. Chemical treatment of the explant makes it sterile.

Choose the correct option.

  1. Statement 1 is correct, but 2 is incorrect
  2. Statement 1 is incorrect, but 2 is correct
  3. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct
  4. Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

Answer: 3. Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

Question 28. The nutrient medium for tissue culture should have

  1. Sucrose
  2. Inorganic salts
  3. Growth regulators
  4. Vitamins
  5. Amino acids

Choose the correct option.

  1. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
  2. 2, 3, 4 and 5
  3. 1, 2, 3 and 4
  4. 1, 2, 4 and 5

Answer: 1. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

The nutrient medium for tissue culture should have sucrose, inorganic salts, growth regulators, vitamins, and amino acids.

Question 29. The pH of culture medium is kept between

  1. 4-4.8
  2. 5-5.8
  3. 6-6.8
  4. 7-7.8

Answer: 2. 5-5.8

At pH between 5 to 5.8, the conditions are ideal for proper callus growth in the culture medium.

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Question 30. The equipment employed for sterilising glass and culture media is known as

  1. Dry oven
  2. Incubator
  3. Autoclave
  4. Dehumidifier

Answer: 3. Autoclave

  • To destroy microorganisms, the culture media are properly plugged and autoclaved (steam heating under pressure).
  • The medium can be completely sterilized by maintaining it at 120°C for about 15 minutes. Autoclave is also used for sterilising glass and equipments.

Question 31. In case of tissue culture, the transfer area for tissue culture should have sterile environment. The special cabinets designed to direct a gentle flow of ultrafiltered sterile air across the work area are called

  1. Sterile factor cabinets
  2. Laminar air flow cabinets
  3. Bacterioimmune cabinets
  4. All of the above

Answer: 2. Laminar air flow cabinets

  • A laminar air flow cabinet is an inoculation chamber, where tissue culture process is carried out.
  • It helps to provide a sterile environment across the tissue culture work area.

Question 32. Hydroponics is the method of

  1. Water conservation
  2. Plant development in water without soil
  3. Plant development without minerals
  4. Plant development in saline soil

Answer: 2. Plant development in water without soil

  • In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral reservoir but soil itself is not essential to plant growth.
  • When the mineral nutrients of the soil dissolve in water, plant roots are able to absorb them.
  • Soil is no longer required for the plant to thrive.
  • Almost any terrestrial plant can be grown by hydroponics.

Question 33. Transfer of a part of old culture to new culture vessel is called

  1. Inoculation
  2. Subculturing
  3. Multiple culture
  4. Regeneration

Answer: 2. Subculturing

  • A subculture is a new cell or microbiological culture made by transferring some or all cells from a previous culture to fresh growth medium.
  • This action is called subculturing or passaging the cells. Subculture is used to prolong life or expand the number of cells or microorganisms in the culture.

Question 34. Which of the following is used in tissue culture?

  1. Cow milk
  2. Buffalo milk
  3. Goat milk
  4. Coconut milk

Answer: 4. Coconut milk

Coconut milk is rich in cytokinins and used as natural nutritive liquid medium for tissue culture.

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Question 35. In a tissue culture media, the resource of the phytohormone is

  1. Agar-agar
  2. Glucose
  3. Micronutrients
  4. Coconut milk

Answer: 4. Coconut milk

  • The composition of plant tissue culture medium can vary depending upon the type of plant tissue or cell that are used for culture.
  • A typical nutrient medium consists of inorganic salts, a carbon source (usually sucrose), vitamins, amino acids, etc.
  • Other compounds like coconut milk, malt extract, yeast extract casein hydrolysate, tomato juice, etc., may be added for specific purposes.
  • Coconut milk provides growth regulators like auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin to the nutrient media.
  • Plant hormones play important role in growth and differentiation of cultured cells and tissues.

Question 36. In some tissue culture medium, coconut milk is used because it is rich in

  1. Sucrose
  2. Vitamins
  3. Cytokinins
  4. Minerals

Answer: 3. Cytokinins

Question 37. In tissue culture of parenchyma, mitosis is accelerated in the presence of

  1. Auxin only
  2. Cytokinin only
  3. Auxin and cytokinin
  4. Gibberellin and auxin

Answer: 3. Auxin and cytokinin

  • Auxins and cytokinins act as growth regulators in tissue cultures.
  • The most important function of cytokinins is the promotion of cell division. This has been established in roots, anthers, and in callus tissue.
  • Auxin promotes cell enlargement and cell division. So, in tissue culture of parenchyma, mitosis is accelerated in the presence of auxin and cytokinin.

Question 38. Culturing of shoot apex as explant on nutrient medium in tissue culture gives rise to disease free plants

  1. Since the explant is metabolically active
  2. As it contains toxins
  3. Since the explant is pathogen free
  4. As sterilisation kills all pathogens

Answer: 3. Since explant is pathogen free

  • Culturing of shoot apex as an explant on nutrient medium gives rise to disease-free plants because the shoot tips are free of infections or pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.
  • The infection cannot invade into shoot tip because the shoot tip cells show a high rate of cell division.

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Question 39. A plant that is cultivated by tissue culture technique is

  1. Citrus
  2. Apple
  3. Pear
  4. Guava

Answer: 1. Citrus

Members of family Rutaceae (citrus family) are cultivated by tissue culture techinque for obtaining virus-free and mycopasma-free stocks.

Question 40. Callus is

  1. Undifferentiated mass of tissue
  2. Root formation in culture media
  3. Plant hormones
  4. Plant byproduct

Answer: 1. Undifferentiated mass of tissue

Callus is a growing mass of undifferentiated cells in culture media.

Question 41. The phenomenon that operates in the formation of root or shoot in a callus culture is

  1. Differentiation
  2. Redifferentiation
  3. Dedifferentiation
  4. Rejuvenation

Answer: 1. Differentiation

  • The cells derived from root apical and shoot apical meristems and cambium differentiates and mature to perform special functions.
  • It is termed as differentiation. During differentiation, cells undergo few to major structural changes both in their cell walls and protoplasm.

Question 42. During callus differentiation, which of the cells divide?

  1. Parenchyma only
  2. Meristematic only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. No division

Answer: 2. Meristematic only

The callus is composed of meristematic cells which differentiate into new shoots and roots and give rise to new plants.

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Question 43. In tobacco callus, which one shall induce shoot differentiation in combination of auxin and cytokinin?

  1. Higher concentration of cytokinin and lower concentration of auxin
  2. Lower concentration of cytokinin and a higher concentration of auxin
  3. Only cytokinin and no auxin
  4. Only auxin and no cytokinin

Answer: 1. Higher concentration of cytokinin and lower concentration of auxin

  • In tobacco callus, the root and shoot formation are initiated by culture containing auxin and cytokinin.
  • Callus is transferred to the media with the high concentration of cytokinin and a low concentration of auxin for the development of shoot.
  • After the development of shoots, it is transferred to rooting media, which contains high concentration of auxin and low concentration of cytokinin for root development.

Question 44. In callus culture, roots can be induced by the supply of 

  1. Auxin
  2. Cytokinin
  3. Gibberellin
  4. Ethylene

Answer: 1. Auxin

Question 45. Consider the following statements.

  1. In suspension culture, cell aggregates are dispersed in liquid medium.
  2. The productivity of suspension culture decreases over extended subculture periods.

Choose the correct option.

  1. Statement 1 is correct, but 2 is incorrect
  2. Statement 1 is incorrect, but 2 is correct
  3. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct
  4. Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

Answer: 3. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct

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Question 46. Which of the following shows the correct chronological order of the events occurring during callus culture?

  1. Callus → Cell division → Explant → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire meristematic property
  2. Explant → Cell division → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire meristematic property
  3. Explant → Cell division → Callus → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire meristematic property
  4. Callus → Explant → Cell division → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire meristematic property

Answer: 3. Explant → Cell division → Callus → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire meristematic property

  • Option 3 shows the correct chronological order of the events occurring during callus culture as
  • Explant → Cell division → Callus → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acqnire meristematic properties.

Question 47. Pollen grains of a plant whose 2n = 28 are cultured to get callus by tissue culture method. What would be the number of chromosomes in the cells of the callus?

  1. 14
  2. 56
  3. 28
  4. 21

Answer: 1. 14

  • Since pollen grains are produced by meiosis in diploid pollen mother cells, pollens of a plant with 2n=28 will have n=14 chromosomes.
  • Callus is a mass of undifferentiated cells that are produced by mitotic division in the isolated plant cell.
  • Hence, cell division in pollens (n=14) will produce callus with cell carrying 14 chromosomes.

Question 48. In nature, callus is formed for

  1. Vegetative growth
  2. Reproductive growth
  3. Healing of wounds
  4. Multiplication

Answer: 3. Healing of wounds

  • In nature, callus is produced as a defense mechanism to heal or cover the wound and to inhibit entry of pathogens or microorganisms.
  • This callus is induced by repeated cell division due to increased levels of endogenous hormones caused by the wound stimulus.
  • This is called as wound callus. So, a callus is formed for healing of wounds in nature.

Question 49. The development of organs from callus in tissue culture is called

  1. Organography
  2. Organotrophy
  3. Organogenesis
  4. Organometry

Answer: 3. Organogenesis

  • Development of organs from callus is called as organogenesis.
  • It is induced by the application of plant growth regulators.

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Question 50. The mode of nutrition of the explant before organogenesis is

  1. Photosynthetic
  2. Autotrophic
  3. Heteromorphic
  4. Heterotrophic

Answer: 4. Heterotrophic

  • An explant is an excised piece of tissues or organs used for culture.
  • An explant before organogenesis is heterotrophic which grows on a synthetic medium and sucrose is the most commonly used carbon source.

Question 51. Micropropagation is a technique for the production of

  1. Genetically identical plants
  2. Haploid plant
  3. Somatic hybrids
  4. Somaclonal plants

Answer: 1. Genetically identical plants

  • Micropropagation is the use of plant tissue culture to regenerate large number of plants.
  • This results in genetically identical plants and is also called clonal propagation.
  • Micropropagation is widely used in forestry, horticulture, and in floriculture to produce large number of plantlets in short duration in vitro.
  • It can also be used to conserve rare and endangered plant species.

Question 52. Micropropagation is

  1. Propagation of microbes in vitro
  2. Propagation of plants in vitro
  3. Propagation of cells in vitro
  4. Growing plants on smaller scale

Answer: 2. Propagation of plants in vitro

  • Micropropagation can be defined as growing plants from seed or small pieces of tissue under sterile conditions in a laboratory on specially selected media.
  • This technique includes in vitro (in glass) laboratory propagation from vegetative material and germination of seeds and spores.

Question 53. Somaclones are prepared by

  1. Callus culture
  2. Dobson Units (DU)
  3. Micropropagation
  4. Cubic centimetre

Answer: 3. Micropropagation

  • Somaclones are genetically identical plants developed from any part of a plant by tissue culture or micropropagation.
  • This type of micropropagation is also called somaclonal propagation.

Question 54. The micropropagation technique has been commercially and successfully used in the multiplication of

  1. Wheat, cotton, and bananas
  2. Orchids, bananas, and potatoes
  3. Wheat and sugarcane
  4. Sugarcane, barley, and sugarbeet

Answer: 2. Orchids, bananas, and potatoes

Micropropagation has been commercially used in the multiplication of orchids, bananas, and potatoes.

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Question 55. Plants produced from tissue culture are genetically identical to the explant, hence they are called

  1. Somaclones
  2. Clones
  3. Paraclones
  4. None of these

Answer: 1. Somaclones

Question 56. To meet the demands of society, in vitro production of a large number of plantlets in a short duration is practiced in floriculture and horticulture industry today. It is called

  1. Somatic hybridisation
  2. Micropropagation
  3. Hybridoma technology
  4. Somaclonal variation

Answer: 2. Micropropagation

Question 57. In order to obtain disease-free plants through a technique of tissue culture, the most suitable is

  1. Embryo culture
  2. Protoplast culture
  3. Meristem culture
  4. Anther culture

Answer: 3. Meristem culture

  • Healthy plants can be recovered from diseased plants by the meristem culture method. Apical and axillary meristems are the only virus-free part of a virus-infected plant.
  • By removing the meristem and growing it in vitro, disease-free plants (i.e. virus-free plants) can be obtained.

Question 58. Which are least useful in plant cloning techniques?

  1. Apical meristem cells
  2. Cortex cells
  3. Somatic cells
  4. Mature xylem vessel

Answer: 4. Mature xylem vessel

  • Mature xylem consists of elongated dead cells, arranged end to end to form continuous vessels (tubes).
  • Mature xylem vessels do not contain cytoplasm. They are impermeable to water.
  • Thus, a mature xylem vessel is not used in plant cloning techniques.

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Question 59. In crop improvement programs, virus-free clones can be obtained through

  1. Grafting
  2. Hybridisation
  3. Embryo culture
  4. Shoot apex culture

Answer: 4. Shoot apex culture

  • The tissue culture technique can be utilized for the production of virus-free plants either by meristem culture chemotherapy or selective chemotherapy of larger explants from donor plants.
  • Shoot apex consists of meristematic cells, thus shoot apex culture is successful to obtain virus-free clones in crop improvement programmes.

Question 60. Meristem culture is practised in horticulture to get

  1. Somaclonal variation
  2. Haploids
  3. Virus-free plants
  4. Slow-growing callus

Answer: 3. Virus-free plants

Question 61. Assertion (A) Virus-free plants can be produced from virus-infected plants by means of meristem tissue culture. Reason (R) The virus fails to grow during the growth of the host tissue in the artificial medium.

  1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  3. A is true, but R is false
  4. Both A and R are false

Answer: 3. A is true, but R is false

  • Virus-free plants can be produced from the virus-infected plants by means of meristem tissue culture.
  • By removing the meristem and growing in vitro, virus-free plants can be obtained because meristems remain non-infected due to actively dividing cells.
  • Some plants developed through meristem culture are bananas, sugarcane, potato, etc.

Question 62. In 1964, Guha and Maheshwari successfully raised androgenic haploids of

  1. Datura innoxia
  2. Hyoscyamus niger
  3. Nicotiana tabacum
  4. Petunia axillaris

Answer: 1. Datura innoxia

Guha and Maheshwari (1964) were the first to produce haploid plants of Datura innoxia through the culture of anthers containing immature pollens (androgenic haploids).

Question 63. The technique that was employed to produce haploids of Datura was

  1. Meristem culture
  2. Anther culture
  3. Embryo culture
  4. Protoplast culture
  5. Callus culture

Answer: 2. Anther culture

Question 64. Haploid plants can be produced by

  1. Pollen culture
  2. Cotyledon culture
  3. Embryo culture
  4. Meristem culture

Answer: 1. Pollen culture

  • Haploid plants are those plants that have single set of chromosomes.
  • Pollen grains are haploid as they are produced after meiosis. So, pollen cultures are used for haploid plant production.

Question 65. Androgenic haploids have been found quite useful in plant breeding. These are developed from

  1. Anther wall
  2. Tapetum
  3. PMC
  4. Pollens

Answer: 4. Pollens

Androgenic haploids have been found quite useful in plant breeding. These are developed from pollens.

Question 66. Valuable plant materials or cultivation are kept preserved in viable conditions in

  1. Gene library
  2. Gene pools
  3. Gene banks
  4. Bioreserves

Answer: 3. Gene banks

Gene banks are a type of biorepository which preserve genetic material. Plant genetic material in a ‘gene bank’ is preserved at -196° Celsius in liquid nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems).

Question 67. Consider the following statements.

  1. The process of shoot formation during organogenesis is called lysogenesis.
  2. Rhizogenesis is the process of root formation in tissue culture.

Choose the correct option.

  1. Statement 1 is correct, but 2 is incorrect
  2. Statement 1 is incorrect, but 2 is correct
  3. Both statements 1 and 2 are correct
  4. Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

Answer: 4. Both statements 1 and 2 are incorrect

  • Statement 1 is incorrect, but 2 is correct.
  • Incorrect statement can be corrected as
  • The process of shoot formation during organogenesis is called callogenesis

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Question 68. On culturing the young anther of a plant, a botanist got a few diploid plants along with haploid plants. Which of the following might have produced the diploid plants?

  1. Exine of pollen grain
  2. Vegetative cell of pollen
  3. Cells of another wall
  4. The generative cell of pollen

Answer: 3. Cells of another wall

  • The cells of anther wall are diploid which might have produced diploid plants during culturing.
  • Exine of pollen grain is non-living, its vegetative cell and generative cells are haploids.

Question 69. Somatic hybridisation is a technique of

  1. Natural breeding
  2. Natural pollination
  3. Artificial pollination
  4. Artificial breeding

Answer: 4. Artificial breeding

  • Somatic hybridisation is an artificial breeding technique that allows the manipulation of cellular genomes by protoplast fusion.
  • Its major contribution to plant breeding is in overcoming common crossing barriers among plant species and in organelle genetics and breeding.

Question 70. Somatic hybrids are useful in introducing genes for

  1. Male sterility
  2. Disease resistance
  3. Herbicidal resistance
  4. All of the above

Answer: 4. All of the above

  • Somatic hybrids are obtained by the fusion of two somatic cells. This is generally carried out by protoplast fusion.
  • It is used for introducing new genetic characteristics like male sterility, disease resistance, herbicide resistance, improved characters, etc.

Question 71. During somatic hybridisation in plants,

  1. The cell walls and the middle lamella are digested before fusing the cells
  2. Somaclones are produced in large numbers
  3. Crop plants with higher levels of vitamins, proteins, and minerals are hybridised
  4. The apical meristems are cultured to get virus-free plants

Answer: 1. The cell walls and the middle lamella are digested before fusing the cells

  • The process of producing somatic hybrids (fusion of cells of two varieties or species) by PEG (Polyethylene Glycol), etc., is called somatic hybridisation.
  • The cell wall and the middle lemella are digested before fusing the cells during somatic hybridization.
  • The plant cells without cell wall are called protoplast.
  • The separation of protoplasts is done by treating cells with pectinase and cellulase enzymes.
  • Pomato is a somatic hybrid between tomato and potato and is an intergeneric hybrid.

Question 72. _______ is the process of fusion of protoplast of somatic cells obtained from different varieties or species of plant on a suitable nutrient medium in vitro to develop a somatic hybrid.

  1. Somatic hybridisation
  2. Cross hybridisation
  3. Interspecific hybridisation
  4. Both 1 and 3

Answer: 1. Somatic hybridisation

The process of fusion of protoplast of somatic cells obtained from different varieties or species of plant on a suitable nutrient medium in vitro to develop a somatic hybrid is called somatic hybridisation.

Question 73. Somatic hybridisation can be done by

  1. Protoplast fusion
  2. Cell culture
  3. Haploid anther
  4. Pollen culture

Answer: 1. Protoplast fusion

  • During somatic hybridisation, the protoplasts (plant cells without cell walls) of two plants are made to fuse together in a solution of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) or sodium nitrate.
  • Protoplast fusion involves the fusion of cytoplasm as well as nuclei.
  • The fused protoplasts are then allowed to grow on culture medium, develop their own walls, and are now referred to as somatic hybrid cells.

Question 74. Somatic embryos can be developed in plant tissue culture from

  1. A somatic cell
  2. Single germ line cell
  3. Any type of fertilised cell
  4. Anthers

Answer: 1. A somatic cell

  1. A somatic embryo develops from a somatic cell. The pattern of development of a somatic embryo is comparable to that of a zygotic embryo.
  2. Somatic embryo culture is induced by a high concentration of auxin, such as 2, 4-D. These embryos develop into mature embryos.
  3. Mature somatic embryos or embryoids germinate to give complete plantlets.

Question 75. A plant cell not containing the cell wall is known as

  1. Protoplast
  2. Cytoplast
  3. Nucleoplasm
  4. None of these

Answer: 1. Protoplast

Question 76. The enzymes required to obtain cell wall-free naked protoplast are

  1. Amylase and pectinase
  2. Cellulase and pectinase
  3. Cellulase and amylase
  4. Protease and lipase

Answer: 2. Cellulase and pectinase

Question 77. One of the recent methods of crop improvement is the protoplast technology. The protoplast of two different varieties can be made to fuse with the help of

  1. Mutation
  2. Hybridisation
  3. Peg
  4. Emasculation

Answer: 3. Peg

Question 78. PEG is used in protoplast culture as

  1. Solidifying agent
  2. Alkylating agent
  3. Mutagen
  4. Fusogen

Answer: 4. Fusogen

  • Several chemicals have been used to induce protoplast fusion.
  • Sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Calcium ions (Ca2+), Polyvinyl alcohol, etc., are the most commonly used protoplast fusion-inducing agents which are commonly known as chemical fusogens.

Question 79. Gradual exposure of plantlets to the environment is called

  1. Subculturing
  2. Hardening
  3. Transplanting
  4. Regenerating

Answer: 2. Hardening

  • Hardening is gradual exposure of plantlets to an environmental conditions or outdoor conditions.
  • It enables the plantlet to withstand the changes in environmental conditions they will face when planted outside in the garden.
  • It encourages a change from soft, succulent growth to firmer, harder growth.
  • After hardening, plantlets are transferred to the greenhouse or field conditions.

Question 80. Hardening in tissue culture is

  1. Keeping 30-50°c temperature for about 30 minutes
  2. Acclimatization of tissue culture plants slowly before growing in the field
  3. Plunging the vials into water at 37-40°c
  4. None of the above

Answer: 2. Acclimatisation of tissue culture plants slowly before growing in the field

Hardening is the acclimatization of plants formed by tissue culture before growing them in the field to make them strong so that they can adapt in new environments.

Question 81. Pomato is the intergeneric hybrid produced through the protoplast fusion of

  1. Potato and raphanus
  2. Potato and sweet potato
  3. Potato and tomato
  4. Potato and tobacco

Answer: 3. Potato and tomato

Pomato is intergeneric (somatic) hybrid produced through protoplast fusion of potato and tomato.

Question 82. A hybrid obtained by the fusion of the cytoplasm of two parent cells by retaining only one parental nucleus is called

  1. Asymmetric somatic hybrid
  2. Cytoplasmic hybrid
  3. An interbreed
  4. Symmetric somatic hybrid

Answer: 2. Cytoplasmic hybrid

When the nuclear genetic material of one of the parents is eliminated though the cytoplasm, such a fusion product is called a cybrid or cytoplasmic hybrid, or heteroplast.

Question 83. Which of the following statements is not true about somatic embryogenesis?

  1. The pattern of development of a somatic embryo is comparable to that of a zygotic embryo
  2. Somatic embryos can develop from microspores
  3. Somatic embryo is induced usually by an auxin such as 2, 4-D
  4. A somatic embryo develops from a somatic cell

Answer: 2. Somatic embryos can develop from microspores

  • Statement in opton 2 is not true about somatic embryogenesis and can be corrected as
  • Microspores are haploid cells and do not give rise to somatic embryos.
  • Somatic embryos develop from somatic cells. Their development is comparable to that of a zygotic embryo.
  • They are just like normal embryo except that their development is induced from a diploid somatic cell. Rest statements are true about somatic embryogenesis.

Question 84. Which one of the following statements is incorrect with reference to somatic hybridisation?

  1. Naked protoplasts are used
  2. Interspecific hybrids are produced
  3. Used protoplasts are identical
  4. PEG is used as fusogens

Answer: 3. Used protoplasts are identical

  • Statement in option 3 is incorrect with reference to somatic hybridization and can be corrected as During somatic hybridisation, naked non-identical protoplasts from different species are brought together and allowed to fuse in the presence of fusogenic.
  • This technique is used to overcome the incompatibility between unrelated plant species.
  • Rest statements are correct with reference to somatic hybridisation.

Question 85. Assertion (A) In plant tissue culture, somatic embryos can be produced from any plant cell. Reason (R) Any viable plant cell can differentiate into somatic embryos.

  1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
  2. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  3. A is true, but R is false
  4. Both A and R are false

Answer: 1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

In tissue culture, somatic embryos or embryoids are non-zygotic embryo-like structures that develop in vitro cultures from somatic cells of any type of tissue, as any viable plant cell can differentiate into a somatic embryo.

Question 86. Given below are a few statements regarding somatic hybridisation.

  1. Protoplasts of different cells of the same plant can be fused.
  2. Protoplasts from cells of different species can be fused.
  3. Treatment of cells with cellulase and pectinase is mandatory.
  4. The hybrid protoplast contains characters of only one parental protoplast.

Choose the option containing correct statements.

  1. 1 and 2
  2. 1 and 3
  3. 2 and 3
  4. 3 and 4

Answer: 3. 2 and 3

  • Statements 2 and 3 are correct regarding somatic hybridisation.
  • Statements 1 and 4 are incorrect and can be corrected as
  • The protoplasts of same plant cannot be fused. The hybrid protoplast contains characters of both parental protoplast.

Question 87. Consider the following statements with respect to advantages of tissue culture/ micropropagation.

  1. A large number of plants can be grown in short time.
  2. Disease-free plants can be developed from diseased plants.
  3. Seedless plants can be multiplied.
  4. Somatic hybrids can be raised by tissue culture, where sexual hybridization not possible.

Choose the option containing the correct statements.

  1. 1, 2 and 3
  2. 2, 3 and 4
  3. 1, 2 and 4
  4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: 4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

All given statements are correct with respect to the advantages of tissue culture/micropropagation.

Question 88. The problem of necrosis and gradual senescence, while performing tissue culture can be

  1. Spraying auxins
  2. Spraying cytokinins
  3. Suspension culture
  4. Subculture

Answer: 2. Spraying cytokinins

  • Cytokinins are essential for tissue culture because beside cell division, they are also involved in morphogenesis.
  • Cytokinin application to plant is helpful in developing resistance to pathogens and extremes of temperature and it also delays the senescence of intact plant parts.

Question 89. Hybridization through protoplast fusion is called

  1. Emasculation
  2. Parasexual hybridisation
  3. Germinal hybridisation
  4. Inbreeding

Answer: 2. Parasexual hybridization

Parasexual hybridisation is also called as somatic hybridization. It is the obtained as a result of the fusion of protoplasts.

Question 90. Tissue culture techniques has wide applications in all listed fields except

  1. Production of disease-free plants
  2. Production of secondary metabolites
  3. Production of fertilisers
  4. Production of somaclonal variations

Answer: 3. Production of fertilisers

  • The tissue culture technique enables the production of disease-free varieties, pest-resistant varieties, high-yielding varieties, plants with somaclonal variations, production of secondary metabolites, and also producing a large number of plants at the same time.
  • Thus, tissue culture techniques has wide application in all listed field except the production of fertilizers.

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