WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 Geography And Environment India – Transport In India

Class 10 Geography WBBSE India – Transport In India True Or False Type:

Question 1. Vishakhapatnam is the only tax-free port in India.
Answer: False

Question 2. Kolkata port has a vast hinterland covering the whole of eastern India.
Answer: True

Question 3. There are about 12 major ports in India.
Answer: True

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Question 4. New Tuticorin is the newest port in India.
Answer: False

Question 5. Kandla Port is located on the Southeastern coast of India.
Answer: False

Question 6. The port of Kolkata is the ‘Gateway of Eastern India’.
Answer: True

Question 7. Mumbai is a river port.
Answer: False

Class 10 Geography WBBSE

Question 8. Chennai has an artificial harbour.
Answer: True

Question 9. Vishakhapatnam has a dolphin nose harbour.
Answer: True

Question 10. Tuticorin is the largest port in Tamil Nadu.
Answer: False

Question 11. Paradip is the only port of Orissa.
Answer: True

Question 12. Kandala is the substitute port of Karachi.
Answer: True

Question 13. Andhra Pradesh has only one major port.
Answer: True

Question 14. Gurgaon is the only major port of Goa.
Answer: True

Question 15. Kandla is the only major port in Gujarat.
Answer: True

Question 16. Indian Railways is the largest in Asia.
Answer: True

Question 17. Kolkata is the headquarters of Eastern Railway.
Answer: True

Class 10 Geography WBBSE

Question 18. NH-2 connects Kolkata with Mumbai.
Answer: False

Question 19. NH-7 is the longest national highway in India.
Answer: True

Question 20. The port of Paradip is noted for exporting iron ores.
Answer: True

Geography Class 10 West Bengal Board India – Transport In India Fills In The Blanks Type:

Question 1. The longest national highway of India is NH ______.
Answer: 7.

Question 2. Indian Space Research Centre is situated at ______.
Answer: Bangalore.

Question 3. When people migrate from one place to another the population will ______ in the latter place.
Answer: Increase.

Question 4. One important mode of transport is ______.
Answer: Roadways.

Question 5. National Highways are managed and maintained by agencies of _________.
Answer: Government of India.

Question 6. The Meenambakkam International Airport is at ______.
Answer: Chennai.

Question 7. E-mail is a short word used for _______.
Answer: Electronic Mail.

Question 8. ______ railways move underground through tunnels.
Answer: Underground.

Question 9. The broken coastline is good for ______ and harbours.
Answer: Ports.

Question 10. ______ is the only port of Karnataka.
Answer: Mangalore.

Question 11. Marmagaon is a port of ______.
Answer: Goa.

Class 10 Geography WBBSE

Question 12. Haldia is called the substitute port of ______.
Answer: Kolkata.

Question 13. Nhava Sheva is the only ______ port of India.
Answer: Hi-tech.

Question 14. Indian Railways is the ______ largest in the world.
Answer: 4th.

Question 15. Indian railways is presently divided into ______ zones.
Answer: 16.

Question 16. The national highway connecting Kolkata with Delhi is NH _______.
Answer: 2.

Question 17. River ______ is the most important river in India for navigation.
Answer: Ganga.

Geography Class 10 West Bengal Board India – Transport In India Very Short Answer Type:

Question 1. In which city of India underground rail first started its journey?
Answer: Kolkata.

Question 2. Name an artificial harbour in the east coast of India.
Answer: Chennai port, located on the east coast of India, has an artificial harbour.

Question 3. Which is the largest port of India?
Answer: Mumbai.

Question 4. Which is the hi-tech port of India?
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru Port. .

Question 5. Through which port maximum tea is exported?
Answer: Kolkata.

Class 10 Geography WBBSE

Question 6. Name one port of Eastern India which has a natural harbour.
Answer: Vishakhapatnam.

Question 7. Name one port of Kerala.
Answer: Cochin or Kochi.

Question 8. Name one port of Orissa.
Answer: Paradip.

Question 9. Which port is called the Gateway of India?
Answer: Mumbai.

Question 10. Which port is called the substitute port of Karachi?
Answer: Kandla.

Question 11. Name the city which is the headquarters of both Central and Western Railways.
Answer: Mumbai.

Question 12. Name the city which is the headquarters of both Eastern and South-Eastern Railways.
Answer: Kolkata.

Question 13. Name the railway zone having its longest route length in kilometres.
Answer: Northern Railway Zone.

Question 14. Name the longest National Highway with its terminal cities.
Answer: National Highway No. 7 is the longest one which links Varanasi in the north with Kanyakumari in the South.

Question 15. Name the Northern and Southern terminal cities of National Highway No. 3.
Answer: Agra and Mumbai respectively.

Question 16. Name the Northern terminal city of National Highway No. 1.
Answer: Amritsar.

Question 17. Cite the longest river navigation route of south India.
Answer: Navigable part of the Godavari.

Question 18. Name a navigable canal in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Answer: Buckingham Canal along the coast of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Question 19. Name the major seaport of Gujarat.
Answer: Kandla.

Class 10 Geography WBBSE

Question 20. Name the major seaport of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer: Vishakhapatnam.

Question 21. Name a riverine port in India.
Answer: Kolkata.

Question 22. Name the port on the east coast which is often hit by cyclones in October and November and shipping there becomes difficult during this season.
Answer: Chennai.

Question 23. Name the port which has been constructed to ease congestion at Kolkata.
Answer: Haldia.

Question 24. Name the biggest port of India.
Answer: Mumbai port.

Question 25. Name the iron ore exporting port on the West Coast.
Answer: New Mangalore (Karnataka).

Question 26. What is the name of the luxury tourist train introduced by Indian Railways?
Answer: Palace on wheels.

Question 27. Name the first port in India which is a public company.
Answer: Ennore port.

Question 28. Name a Tidal port of India.
Answer: Kandla port in Gujarat.

Question 29. Name the second largest port in India.
Answer: Chennai.

Class 10 Geography West Bengal Board

Question 30. Name the deepest landlocked port handling crude oil and petroleum products.
Answer: Vishakhapatnam port.

Question 31. What percentage of total traffic is controlled by national highways?
Answer: 40%.

Question 32. When was the National Highways Authority of India constituted?
Answer: 1988.

Question 33. Name the first city in India to have a metro railway.
Answer: Kolkata.

Question 34. Name the longest highway in India.
Answer: NH-7.

Question 35. Which port is the most important one in eastern India?
Answer: Kolkata.

Class 10 Geography West Bengal Board India – Transport In India 2 Marks Questions And Answers:

Question 1. What is the North-South Corridor?
Answer:

North-South Corridor:

The National Highway that connects Srinagar in the North to Kanyakumari in the south, via Salem and Cochin, is known as the North-South corridor. This is about 4,000 km long.

Question 2. Which is the largest port in India? Which port is called the dying port of India?
Answer:

Mumbai Port is the largest port in India. Kolkata is called the dying port of India.

Question 3. Name three major items exported through the port of Chennai. Name the substitute port of Karachi.
Answer:

The main exports of Chennai port are:

1. Iron ore,
2. Sugar,
3. Cotton yarn and textiles.
The substitute port of Karachi is Kandala.

Question 4. Which port is called the hi-tech port of India?
Answer: Nhava Sheva or Jawaharlal Nehru Port is called the hi-tech port of India. It is the only port in India which is fully computerised.

Question 5. Name two ports on the East Coast which have natural harbours.
Answer: Two ports in the east which have natural harbours are Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) and Paradeep (Orissa).

Class 10 Geography West Bengal Board

Question 6. Name two ports in the East Coast which have artificial harbours.
Answer:

Chennai and Kolkata-Haldia in the east coast have artificial harbours.

Question 7. Name the minor ports of India.
Answer:

The minor ports of India are:

1. Kozhikode (Calicot),
2. Surat,
3. Okha,
4. Baruch,
5. Rajmundry,
6. Vijayawada and
7. Musalipattanam, etc.

Question 8. Name four international airports of India.
Answer: Palam of Delhi, Santacruz of Bombay (Mumbai), Netaji Subhas of Kolkata, and Meenabakkan of Madras.

Question 9. Name the states with the highest road density and lowest road density respectively.
Answer: Kerela, Jammu & Kashmir.

Question 10. Which is the longest national highway in the country and how many states does it cover?
Answer: NH-7: It is the longest national highway in the country covering a distance of 2,369 km. The road covers six states, namely Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Question 11. Name two cities in India where the metro rail has been developed.
Answer: Kolkata & Delhi.

Question 12. Name two international airports in India.
Answer:

The two international airports of India are:

1. India Gandhi International Airport of New Delhi.
2. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport of Kolkata.

Question 13. When and in which state railway was first introduced in India?
Answer: The railway was first introduced in India in 1853 when the first railway line connected Mumbai (Bombay) and Thane in Maharashtra covering a distance of 34 km.

Question 14. Which port is called the dying port of India and why?
Answer: Calcutta or Kolkata port is called the dying port of India because the port is unable to receive big vessels. Water scarcity is increasing day by day and sand-heads are creating obstructions for big vessels. So exports and imports are decreasing.

Question 15. What is the East-West Corridor?
Answer:

East-West Corridor:

The National Highway that connects Silchar (Assam) in the east to Porbandar (Gujarat) in the west is known as the East-West corridor. This is about 3,300 km long.

Class 10 Geography West Bengal Board

Question 16. What do you mean by transport and transportation system?
Answer:

Transport and transportation system

The movement of goods and people from one place to another is known as’ Transportation’, and the means by which transportation is carried out is called the ‘Transport System’.

Question 17. What is Pawan Hans?
Answer:

Pawan Hans:

It is the helicopter service operating in hilly areas and is widely used by tourists in the northeastern sector. Besides, Pawan Hans Limited mainly provides helicopter services to the petroleum sector and for tourism.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Solutions India – Transport In India 3 Marks Questions And Answers:

Question 1. What do you mean by the ‘Modern Communication System’?
Answer:

Modern Communication System’:

Communication is the exchange of ideas, information, messages and feelings between people, without any physical movement of people concerned and the system that enables this is called the modern communication system. It can be divided into three parts.

1. Collection of information and messages to be communicated (input).
2. Medium through which the messages will be communicated (through-put).
3. Communicating or enabling the messages to reach successfully (output).

Question 2. Name the major ports on the West Coast of India.
Answer:

The major ports on the West Coast of India are

1. Kandla,
2. Mumbai,
3. Murmagao,
4. New Mangalore,
5. Jawharlal Nehru Port Mumbai or Nhava Sheva
6. Kochi.

Question 3. Name the ports located on the eastern coastal side of India.
Answer:

The major ports on the eastern coastal parts of India are:

1. Kolkata-Haldia,
2. Paradwip,
3. Vishakhapatnam,
4. Ennore,
5. Chennai and
6. New Tuticorin.

Question 4. What measures have been taken to solve the problems of Kolkata port?
Answer:

To solve the present problems of the Kolkata port, some measures have been taken as stated below:

1. Construction of Farakka ee Farakka Barrage has already been built up on the river Ganga to direct its flow into the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river. It has increased the normal flow of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly and the port of Kolkata has been getting more water.
2. Construction of new subsidiary port: A new subsidiary port named Haldia has already been built up to assist the Kolkata port. It has reduced the heavy pressure of this port.

Question 5. What are the reasons for the development of a new port at Haldia?
Answer:

Reasons for the development of a new port at Haldia:

1. The necessity for a new port in eastern India for the decaying conditions of Kolkata port is the first and foremost reason for the development of Haldia port.
2. Haldia port enjoys depth water of about 10 metres. It allows large ocean-going vessels to anchor in this port.
3. Newly built Haldia port has enough space and cheap land in its surroundings. It gives impetus for its growth.

Class 10 Geography West Bengal Board

Question 6. Write in short about the port of Kochi.
Answer:

Port Kochi or Cochin: Kochi is situated in the Malabar Coast at the mouth of the river Kochi in the state of Kerala.

It has a beautiful natural harbour. The back-water of the Cochin port provides a safe anchorage for ocean-going vessels. It can take ships drawing 10-metre water at all times of the year. An equable climate with an annual range of temperature 33°C prevails in this port.

The hinterland of Cochin port consists of Kerala, southern districts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The principal imports are coal, metals, petroleum, chemicals, food grains and fertilizer, etc. The principal exports are coir products, copra, coconut oil, tea, rubber, coffee coir, spices, etc.

Question 7. Mention the causes mainly responsible for the rapid development of Kandala port.
Answer:

Kandala is rapidly developing because of the following reasons:
1. It is the substitute port of Karachi,
2. It has a deep sea natural harbour,
3. Its hinterland is rich in minerals, agriculture and agro-based industries,
4. The climate is equable and free from ice,
5. The harbour protects ships from storms and waves,
6. It is a tax-free port— custom duty is more or less nil,
7. It is well-connected with its hinterland by means of railways and roadways.

Question 8. Write about the exports and imports of Kolkata port.
Answer:

Exports and imports of Calcutta (Kolkata) port:

Exports: Kolkata (Calcutta) exports: oilseeds, timber, jute goods, tea, sugar, iron and steel manufacturing, lac, bonemeal, mica, coal, iron ore, manganese, automobile parts, cotton textiles, etc.
Imports: Kolkata (Calcutta) imports: food grains, salts, chemical, sulphur, motor cars, petroleum, paper, paper-pulp, various metals, petroleum products, fish, eggs, medicines, books, machinery, etc.

Geography Class 10 Solutions WBBSE

Question 9. Name the major ports of India.
Answer:

Major ports of India are:
1. Kandla,
2. Bombay (Mumbai),
3. Jawaharlal Nehru (Nhava Sheva),
4. Murmagaon (Goa),
5. New Mangalore,
6. Cochin,
7. New Tuticorin,
8. Madras,
9. Vishakhapatnam,
10. Paradwip,
11. Haldia
12. Kolkata.

Question 10. What are the most essential requirements for a port?
Answer:

A port has many requirements, but the following three are outstanding in importance:

1. Size and productivity of the hinterland.
2. Ease of access to the hinterland.
3. Suitability of harbour sites for deep water vessels and safety from storms, bores, etc. all year round.

Question 11. Explain why Bombay is the most important port of India.
Answer:

Bombay (Mumbai) is the leading port of India for the following factors:

1. It has a magnificent natural harbour directly on the sea.
2. The sea-water surrounding it has sufficient depth, and even large-sized ships can take shelter in it very safely.
3. Bombay has direct rail and road links with all parts of India through the Thal Ghat and Bhor Ghat passes.
4. The hinterland of Bombay is very extensive and productive.
5. Bombay is the nearest Indian port to Europe and North America through the Suez Canal route.

Question 12. Why is road transport in India considered more useful than rail transport? Give three reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:

1. It is more suitable for a short distance.
2. it can reach farms, and factories and provides door-to-door service.
3. It is flexible, reliable and speedy.

Question 13. Write a note on Golden Quadrilateral.
Answer:

Golden Quadrilateral: The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) is the largest express highway project in India. It is the first phase of the National Highways Development Project (NDHP). It consists of building 5,846 kilometres of four/six lane express high- ways connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, thus forming a quadrilateral of sorts at a cost of Rs. 60,000 crores. In January 2008 it was announced that the project will now be expanded to cover 6,500 kilometres.

The main economic benefits of the Golden Quadrilateral Project are the following:
1. This highway will interconnect many major cities and ports;
2. It will give an impetus to truck transport throughout India;
3. It will help in the industrial growth of all small towns through which it passes;
4. It will provide vast opportunities for the transport of agricultural produce from the hinterland to major cities and ports for export; and
5. It will provide job opportunities in its construction as well as increase the demand for cement, steel and other construction materials.

Geography Class 10 Solutions WBBSE

Question 14. State the role and importance of NHAI.
Answer:

NHAI: The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was constituted in 1988. It is responsible for the development, maintenance and management of National Highways. It was made operational in February 1995 and is currently undertaking development activities under National Highways Development Project (NHDP) in phases.

All the phases combined together are aimed at the improvement of more than 25,000 km of aerial routes of the National Highway Network to international standards. In addition to this, NHAI is also responsible for implementing other projects on National Highways, primarily road connectivity to major ports in India.

Question 15. What do you mean by ropeways, pipelines and underground railways?
Answer:

Ropeways: A ropeway is a form of naval lifting device used to transport passengers as well as materials in harsh terrain. This is a simple, safe and efficient means of transport. They occupy little space and can cover large distances. Ropeways play a vital role in promoting tourism in areas like Haridwar and North-east India.

Pipeline: Pipelines are efficient and most convenient and economical means of transporting liquids like petroleum, petroleum products, natural gas, water, milk, etc. Some famous pipelines in India are:

1. Naharkatia-Barauni pipeline,
2. Mumbai-Ankleswar-Kayali pipeline,
3. Hajira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur pipeline.

Underground railways: It is an environment-friendly network of underground railway lines used for the rapid transit of passengers through underground tunnels. (found in Kolkata and Delhi, etc.)

Question 16. State some modern communication systems in India.
Answer:

Some modern communication systems in India

Internet: The Internet is a versatile facility which can help one complete his task easily and conveniently with few clicks. Almost everything is now available over the internet. One can gather information on any particular thing, purchase things, keep in contact with people using social networking websites, and pay bills online over the internet. It is thus an effective and modern means of communication today.

E-mail: E-mail is a short word for electronic mail. We create texts and send them over a network of computers. These emails are fast, easy to use, simple and informal. They do not use paper and so are environmentally friendly.
Cell phones: A cell phone is any portable telephone which uses cellular network technology to make and receive calls. It is a means for entertainment too.

Question 17. State some factors affecting inland waterways.
Answer:

Factors Affecting Inland Waterways:

1. The rivers and canals should have a regular flow of sufficient water.
2. The presence of waterfalls, cataracts and sharp bends in the course of a river hinders the development of waterways.
3. Silting of the river bed reduces the depth of water and creates problems for navigation. Desilting of river beds is a costly affair.
4. Diversion of water for irrigation purposes reduces the quantity of water and should be done carefully.
5. There should be sufficient demand for waterways to make it an economically viable mode of transportation.

Question 18. Name the two terminal centres of the longest inland waterways in India.
Answer:

The National Waterway 1 (NW-1) or Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system is located in India and runs from Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh to Haldia in West Bengal via Patna and Bhagalpur in Bihar across the Ganges river. It is 1,620 km (1,010 mi) long, making it the longest waterway in India.

Question 19. Write in brief about sea transport in India.
Answer:

Sea transport in India

India has a coastline extending for nearly 6,000 km, but utilisation of this sea route is not at par with many other countries in southeast Asia. Sea transport is primarily dependent on the volume of international trade. With the growth of international trade, the importance of sea transport is also increasing.

1. Shipping Corporation of India, which is a public sector unit, possesses 87 ships and accounts for 40% of the country’s total shipping tonnage. It is the largest shipping company in India. Other major shipping companies.
2. Great Eastern Shipping Company Ltd.,
3. Essar Shipping Company Ltd.,
4. Surendra Overseas Ltd.,
5. Varun Shipping Co. Ltd.,
6. Mercator Lines Ltd.,
7. Sanmar Shipping,
8. Radiant Shipping,
9. West Asia Maritime Ltd.,
10. Chowgule Steamship. These ten shipping companies account for 85% of the country’s total shipping tonnage.

Geography Class 10 Solutions WBBSE India – Transport In India 5 Marks Questions And Answers:

Question 1. Discuss the importance of the transportation system in India.
Answer:

Importance of Transportation System:

1. A vast country requires a good network of transport systems to connect one end to another. Travelling even to remote areas is made possible with a developed transport system.
2. Transport system helps to raise the production of raw materials, fuels, machinery, etc. by providing a market to them. A good market demands large-scale production.

3. Well-developed transport system helps in establishing industries in any area. Raw materials, fuels or machinery can be sent at the right time through a well-knit transport network and this helps to run an industry smoothly.
4. A developed transport system facilitates the setting up of industries even in backward areas.

5. The mobility of the labour force increases if there is a good network of transport. Thus they help to solve the problem of unemployment also.
6. By helping to establish industries transport system affects the economic development of a country.

7. Good transport system helps to protect the people from the difficulties of war and natural calamities, as the transfer of military equipment, soldiers or shifting of people evacuated from any area necessitated a well-integrated transport network.
8. Besides all these, the transport system helps to establish relationships among people of different parts of a country and thus strengthen unity and brotherhood among the people.

Question 2. Compare the ports of Kolkata and Mumbai.
Answer:

Kolkata	Mumbai
1.    Kolkata is located on the left bank of the Hugli River in the Ganga delta, West Bengal 22°34’N and 88°24’ E.	1.    Mumbai is located on the Arabian Sea, KonkanCoast, Maharashtra 18°55’N and 72°54’E. Coast, Maharashtra 18°55’N and 72°54’E.
2.    Kolkata is situated on the Colombo route and Singapore route.	2.    Mumbai is situated on Suez and Colombo routes.
3.    Kolkata is a riverine port for ocean-going vessels.	3.    But Mumbai is an oceanic port for ocean-going vessels.
4.    Kolkata port is on the Hugli River and the difficulties of insufficient depth and space have been comprehended by the Haldia harbour.	4.    But Mumbai port is on the coast of the Arabian Sea and has sufficient depth and space.
5.    Haldia is a subsidiary port of Kolkata. Actually, it is built as the substitute port of Kolkata.	5.    No such port is there in Mumbai. ButJ.N. Port at Nhava Sheva is handling major exports and imports of Mumbai port to minimise the pressure on Mumbai.
6.    Kolkata is covering comparatively smaller areas in Eastern and North-Eastern India. Nepal and Bhutan are also included.	6.    But Mumbai is covering a larger area in Western and Northern India.
7.    Kolkata port has five dry docks, on ship-building yards along with banking, insurance and other facilities.	7.    Mumbai has two dry docks, and one shipbuilding yard with banking, insurance and other facilities.
8.    Kolkata exports jute goods, tea, coal, mica, food grains, instrument, and automobile.	8.    Mumbai exports cotton goods, short-staple cotton, hides and skin, machinery, electronic goods, etc.

Question 3. State the advantages and disadvantages of roadways.
Answer:

Roadways Advantages:
1. Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short and medium distances.
2. It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads.
3. Road transport system establishes easy contact between farms, fields, factories and markets and provides door-to-door service.

4. Roads can negotiate high gradients and sharp turns which railways cannot do. As such, roads can be constructed in hilly areas also.
5. Roads act as great feeders to railways. Without good and sufficient roads, railways cannot collect sufficient produce to make their operation possible.
6. road transport is more flexible than rail transport. Buses and trucks may be stopped anywhere and at any time on the road for loading and unloading passengers and goods, whereas trains stop only at particular stations.
7. Perishable commodities like vegetables, fruits and milk are transported more easily and quickly by roads than by railways.

Roadways Disadvantages :
1. Roadways are not much suited to long-distance travel.
2. Heavy commodities like coal and iron, etc. cannot be easily transported by roads.

3. The rate of road accidents has increased with the increase in road traffic.
4. The rapid increase in vehicles has resulted in air pollution.
5. It is more costly than rail transport.

Question 4. State the advantages and disadvantages of airways.
Answer:

Advantages of Airways:
Air transport is particularly significant for a country like India in which owing to its vast size long distances have to be covered between important cities.

The other advantages of airways are the following:
1. It is the fastest and most comfortable mode of transport. It connects the far-flung and remote areas of the country.
2. The speed and ease with which aeroplanes can cross mountain barriers, sandy deserts, and large expanses of water or forests, make air transport indispensable.
3. Air transport is of particular importance during natural calamities. It is used to airlift people from the affected areas and to air-drop food, medicines and other necessary things to the calamity-affected people.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Question Answer

Disadvantages of Airways: The main disadvantages of airways are the following :

1. Air transport is very costly.
2. It depends on weather conditions. Flights are often delayed due to bad weather.
3. Air transport is run on petroleum which is a non-renewable source of energy.
4. Air transport can carry small tonnage but it has high freight charges.

Question 5. State the advantages and disadvantages of waterways.
Answer:

Advantages of Waterways: The main advantages of water transport are:

1. It is the cheapest means of transport.
2. It is most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky material.
3. It is a fuel-efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport.

4. Travel by ships and cruise liners is comfortable as it provides lots of space and other facilities concerning daily life like catering, medicines, doctors, communication, entertainment, sports, etc.
5. Water transport is safe and has less traffic in comparison to road and air transport.

Disadvantages of Waterways: The main disadvantages of water transport are:

1. It depends on weather conditions.
2. It needs long travelling hours which causes sea sickness.
3. Water transport is limited to the areas where rivers are navigable and oceanic routes exist.

Question 6. State the major railway zones with their headquarters in India.
Answer: Railway Zones

S.No.	Name	Headquarters
1	Northern Railway (NR)	New Delhi
2	North Eastern Railway (NER)	Gorakhpur
3	North-east Frontier Railway (NFR)	Maligaon (Guwahati)
4	Eastern Railway (ER)	Kolkata
5	South Eastern Railway (SER)	Kolkata
6	South Central Railway (SCR)	Secunderabad
7	Southern Railway (SR)	Chennai
8	Central Railway (CR)	Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus)
9	Western Railway (WR)	Mumbai (Church Gate)
10	South Western Railway (SWR)	Hubli
11	North Western Railway (NWR)	Jaipur
12	West Central Railway (WCR)	Jabalpur
13	North Central Railway (NCR)	Allahabad
14	South East Central Railway (SECR)	Bilaspur, CG
15	East Coast Railway (ECoR)	Bhubaneswar
16	East Central Railway (ECR)	Hajipur
17	Konkan Railway (KR)	Navi Mumbai

Question 7. State the advantages and disadvantages of railways.
Answer:

Advantages of Railways: Railways constitute one of the most efficient and cost-effective forms of transportation.

Railways has the following advantages:
1. Railways help in the easy movement of bulky goods and perishable commodities to distant places.
2. Railways transport raw materials to the production units and finished goods to the markets.

3. Railways have brought the villages closer to the cities and have helped to trans-
4. Railways help in reducing suffering during natural calamities.
5. Railways act as an integrating force, knitting the whole country into one whole with its huge network running throughout the country.

6. Railway facilities ease the movement of police, troops and defence equipment.
7. Railways provide comfortable journeys as the trains have enough space to stretch their legs and move in the corridors. At night, one can sleep comfortably on the berths provided in the trains.

Disadvantages of Railways: Rail transport has the following disadvantages:

1. Rail transport lacks the flexibility of routes. Train tracks cannot be laid in every region of the country like in the hilly areas or remote forest areas.
2. Train travel can be very long and tedious, especially when compared to air travel.
3. Train tracks cannot be laid in every industrial region and trains have to travel to a station, where the cargo is loaded from one form of transportation to another, Most industrial locations have roads leading to them, but not all of them have train tracks leading to them.

4. The trains which run on coal produce lots of air and noise pollution.
5. Trains cannot cross the ocean They are limited to land travel and cannot normally haul products from one continent to another.

Question 8. State the importance of transport.
Answer:

Importance of Transport:

1. A vast country requires a good network of transport systems to connect one end to another. Travelling even to remote areas is made possible with a developed transport system.
2. Transport system helps to raise the production of raw materials, fuels, machinery, etc. by providing a market to them. A good market demands large-scale production.

3. Well-developed transport system helps in establishing industries in any area. Raw materials, fuels or machinery can be sent at the right time through a well-knit transport network and this helps to run an industry smoothly.
4. A developed transport system facilitates the setting up of industries even in backward areas.

5. The mobility of the labour force increases if there is a good network of transport. Thus they help to solve the problem of unemployment also.
6. By helping to establish industries transport system affects the economic development of a country.

7. Good transport system helps to protect the people from the difficulties of war and natural calamities, as the transfer of military equipment, soldiers or shifting of people evacuated from any area necessitated a well-integrated transport network.
8. Besides all these, the transport system helps to establish relationships among people of different parts of a country and thus strengthen unity and brotherhood among the people.

Question 9. Divide roadways on the basis of importance, maintenance and management & describe any three of them in brief.
Answer:

On the basis of importance, maintenance and management of roadways in India can be divided into:

1. Golden, Quadrilateral Super Highways (GQSH),
2. National Highways (NH),
3. State Highways (SH),
4. District Roadways,
5. Village Road and
6. Border Road.
The first 3 types of roadways are described below:

Golden Quadrilateral: The National Highway Development Project (NHDP) launched a massive programme in 1999, known as the Golden Quadrilateral Project. It is one of the largest projects of road building in India. The project was implemented by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI).

The chief components of the NHDP project are:

Phase 1:
Golden Quadrilateral: This phase comprises connecting Delhi – Mumbai — Chennai and Kolkata — Delhi by six-lane superhighways. Its total length of it is 5846 km. The four sides of the Quadrilateral have varying lengths. The side between Delhi to Mumbai is 1419 km long, Mumbai to Chennai 1290 km long, Chennai to Kolkata 1684 km and Kolkata to Delhi 1453 km long.

Phase 2:
(1) The North-South Corridor: It aims to connect the National Highways from Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) to Kanyakumari including Kochi-Salem.
(2) The East-West Corridor: It aims to connect the National Highways from Silchar in Assam to Porbandar in Gujarat.

National Highways: The National Highways (NH) network of India is a network of highways that are managed and maintained by agencies of the Government of India. There is total of 172 National Highways in India. Of these, NH2 joined Delhi and Kolkata, NH3 joined Agra and Mumbai, NHS joined Baharagora and Chennai, NH6 joined Hajira and Kolkata, NH7 joined Varanasi to Kolkata, NH8 joined Delhi and Mumbai and NH1. joining Delhi and Amritsar are important. These highways measure about 96000 km as of 2015. NHT connecting Varanasi and Cape Comorin is the longest highway in India.

State Highways: State Highways in India are numbered highways that are laid and maintained by the state governments. They link important cities towns and district headquarters within the state and connect them with national highways or highways of other states.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Question Answer

Question 10. Give an account of air transport in India.
Answer:

Air transport in India

Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. One can easily reach remote and difficult terrains like mountains, deserts, thick forests, marshy lands, etc. It plays a vital role in the time of emergency like war situations or during natural calamities like earthquakes, cyclones, famines, floods, droughts, epidemics, etc. There are at present five major international airports in India:

1. Indira Gandhi International Airport of New Delhi.
2. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport of Kolkata.
3. Sahara International Aiport at Mumbai.
4. Nungambakkam International Airport at Chennai.
5. Thiruvananthapuram International Air-port at Trivandram (Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala).

Some other international airports are:
1. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
2. Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport, Amritsar, Punjab.
3. Lokpriya Gopinath Bordolio Inter-national Aiport, Guwahati.
4. Hydrabad Airport, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
5. Goa nternational Aiport, VascodaGama, Goa.
6. Port Blair, Veer Savarkar International Airport.

Some national airports are at
1. Vadodara
2. Bhopal
3. Indore
4. Chandigarh
5. Jammu
6. Silchar
7. Rajkot
8. Srinagar
9. Vijaywada
10. Vishakhapatnam
11. Raipur,
12. Pune
13. Lucknow
14. Madurai
15. Mangalore, etc.

Question 11. Give an account of the inland waterways in India.
Answer:

Inland waterways in India

India is endowed with an extensive network of waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks and a long coastline accessible through the seas and oceans Water transport can be divided into two categories

1. Inland Water-ways and
2. Oceanic Waterways.

Inland Waterways: Inland waterways include rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks which are deep enough to allow the ships and boats to navigate safely. These waterways must also be free of barriers such as waterfalls and rapids.

India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways out of which about 3700 km of river and 4300 km of canals are navigable by mechanised flat bottom vessels. Freight transportation by waterways is highly underutilised in India compared to other large countries like the United States, China and European Union. Cargo transportation in an organised manner is to a few waterways in Goa, West Bengal, Assam and Kerala. Inland Waterways Authority of India (will)i is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration and regulation. The Inland waterways as National Highways.

These are:

1. National Waterways No. 1 (NW-1): It comprises Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River System which connects Haldia-Kolkata-Farakka-Munger-Patna-Varanasi-Allahabad.It stretches to more than 1620 Km of potentially navigable waterways. It is navigable by mechanised boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar.

2. National Waterway No 2 (NW-2): The river Brahmaputra connecting Dhubri-Pandu (Guwahati)-Tezpur-Neamati-Dibrugarh-Sadiya stretching to about 891 Km was declared a National Waterway in the year 1988. The NW-2 connects the North East region with Kolkata and Haldia ports through Bangladesh and Sunderbans waterways. India has much to offer to potential tourists.

WBBSE Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Question Answer

Waterways	Stretch	Specification
NW1	Allahabad – Haldia stretch (1,620)	It is one of the most important waterways in India, which is navigable by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar. It is divided into three parts for developmental purposes (1) Haldia-Farakka (560 km) (2) Farakka-Patna (460 km), (3) Patna-Allahabad (600 km).
NW 2	Sadiya-Dhubri stretch (891 km)	The Brahmaputra is navigable by streamers up to Dibrugarh (1,384 km) which is shared by India and Bangladesh.
NW 3	Kottapuram-Kollam	It includes 168 km of the west coast canal along with the Champakara canal (23 km) and the Udogmandal canal (14 km).

Waterways Stretch Specification NW1 Allahabad: Haldia Itis one of the most important waterways in India, which stretch (1,620) and is navigable by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar. It is divided into three parts for developmental purposes.

1. Haldia-Farakka (560 km)
2. Farakka-Patna (460 km),
3. Patna-Allahabad (600 km).

NW 2 Sadiya: Dhubri Brahmaputra is navigable by streamers up to the Dibrugarh stretch (891 km) (1,384 km) which is shared by India and Bangladesh.
NW 3 Kottapuram: Kollam It includes 168 km of the west coast canal along with Champakara canal (23 km) and Udogmandal canal (14 km).

3. National Waterway No. 3 (NW-3): It runs from Kollam to Kottapuram. It comprises 168 km of the west coast canal along with the Champakara canal and Udyogmandal canal. It was declared a National Waterway in 1993. It is one of the most navigable and tourism potential areas in India and has much to offer to potential tourists.

Besides these National Waterways, the Inland Waterways Authority has also identified ten other inland waterways which could be upgraded. The state of Kerala is famous for its backwaters which not only provide cheap means of transport but also attract a large number of tourists. The Nehru Trophy Boat Race (Vallankali) is also held in these backwaters.

Question 12. State the advantages and disadvantages of the pipeline.
Answer:

Pipelines:

Pipelines are the most convenient, efficient and economical mode of transporting liquids like petroleum, petroleum products, natural gas, water, milk, etc. Even solids can also be transported through pipelines after converting them into a slurry.

Advantages of Pipelines: Pipelines have the following advantages over other means of transport:

1. They are ideally suited to transport liquids and gases.
2. Pipelines can be laid through difficult terrains as well as underwater.
3. It involves very low energy consumption.
4. It needs very little maintenance.
5. Pipelines are environment-friendly.

Disadvantages of Pipelines: Following are the main disadvantages of pipeline transport:

1. It is not flexible, i.e., it can be used only for a few fixed points.
2. Its capacity cannot be increased once it is laid.
3. It is difficult to make security arrangements for pipelines.
4. Underground pipelines cannot be easily repaired and detection of leakage is also difficult.