Chapter 7 The League Of Nations And The United Nations Organisation Introduction:
The terrible repercussions of the First World War (1914-18) had a strong impact on the minds of the people and made them cry out for peace. President Wilson of America took the initiative and made a plan for the establishment of a world peace organisation known as the League of Nations.
The League was established to prevent armed conflicts and to amicably settle international disputes, reduce armaments and achieve international peace and security.
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Many international issues arose after the First World War. At first, the problems were comparatively easy and the League was able to solve them by peaceful means were: But the League was too weak to deal with cases which involved the interests of the great powers.
Its influence began to decline gradually. The League failed utterly to prevent war and to maintain world peace. The Second World War broke out in 1939.
In spite of the failure of the League of Nations, statesmen were hopeful that world peace could be established by mutual cooperation, harmony and the feeling of internationalism. This gave birth to the international peace organisation — United Nations Organisation.
Chapter 7 The League Of Nations And The United Nations Organisation Very Short Answer Type :
Question 1. What were the three principal organs of the League of Nations?
Answer:
The three principal organs of the League of Nations were :
(1) The Assembly
(2) The Council and
(3) The Secretariat.
Question 2. Who could become members of the General Assembly of the League of Nations?
Answer: All the states which were the members of the League of Nations were essentially the members of the General Assembly.
Question 3. How were new members admitted in the League Assembly?
Answer: Any member could be admitted in the League Assembly by a vote of assent by 2/3 of the existing members.
Question 4. Name the two great powers which were not members of the League in the beginning.
Answer: The two great powers which were not members of the League, in the beginning, were U.S.A and Germany.
Question 5. Who elected the temporary members of the League Council?
Answer: The temporary members of the League Council were elected by the League Assembly.
Question 6. Name the countries which were first elected as members of the League Council.
Answer: The countries which were first elected as members of the League Council were England, France, Italy and Japan.
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Question 7. What were the two autonomous bodies of the League of Nations?
Answer:
The two autonomous bodies of the League of Nations were :
(1) The Permanent Court of International Justice
(2) The International Labour Organisation.
Question 8. When was the first session of the League convened?
Answer: The first session of the League was convened in 1920.
Question 9. Where was the first session of the League of Nations held?
Answer: The first session of the League of Nations was held in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. ‘
Question 10. When was the last session of the League of Nations held?
Answer: The last session of the League of Nations was held on 14th December 1939.
Question 11. What is Covenant?
Answer: The Constitution of the League of Nations is called Covenant
Question 12. How was the Secretary General of the League of Nations appointed?
Answer: The Secretary General of the League of Nations was appointed by the Council the Assembly was necessary.
Question 13. When was the Permanent Court of International Justice opened and where?
Answer: The Permanent Court of International Justice was opened in 1922 in Hague, the erstwhile capital of Holland.
Question 14. What was the function of the Permanent Court of International Justice?
Answer: The function of the Permanent Court of International Justice was to settle international disputes which might be referred to it by the Council of the League and interpreting international treaties and other legal complications.
Question 15. Who selected the name United Nations Organisation?
Answer: The name United Nations Organisation was selected by the American President Franklin Roosevelt.
Question 16. From where did Franklin Roosevelt select the name United Nations Organisation?
Answer: Franklin Roosevelt selected the name United Nations Organisation from Lord Byron‘s poem ‘The Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage’.
Question 17. When was the U.N.O established and where?
Answer: The U.N.O was first established on 24 October 1945 in New York, U.S.A.
Question 18. How many members are there in the Security Council of the U.N. at present
Answer: There are 15 members in the Security Council of the U.N.O at present.
Question 19. For how many years and by whom are the members of the Security Council elected?
Answer: The members of the Security Council are elected for two years by the members of the General Assembly.
Question 20. How are new members admitted in the U.N.O?
Answer: New members are admitted in the U. N.O. on the recommendation of the Security Council and by a vote of assent by 2/3 of the existing members of General Assembly.
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Question 21. What is the seventh principle enumerated in the UN Charter?
Answer: The seventh principle enumerated in the UN Charter is that UN would not interfere in matters strictly within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.
Question 22. How many principles have been mentioned in the UN Charter?
Answer: Seven principles have been mentioned in the UN Charter.
Question 23. Who is the present Secretary General of U.N.O?
Answer: The present Secretary General of U.N.O is Ban-Ki-Moon.
Question 24. How many charter members were there in the U.N.O.?
Answer: There were 51 charter members in the U.N.O.
Question 25. Which countries are the five members of the Security Council with the power of Veto?
Answer: The five members of the Security Council who have the power of Veto are U.S.A, U.S.S.R., England, France and China.
Question 26. What is the judicial organ of the United Nations?
Answer: The judicial organ of the United Nations is the International Court of Justice.
Question 27. How many judges are there in the International Court of Justice?
Answer: There are 15 judges in the International Court of Justice.
Question 28. How are the judges of the International Court of Justice elected?
Answer: The judges of the International Court of Justice are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council.
Question 29. Name two organisations under the Economic and Social Council.
Answer: The two organisations under the Economic and Social, Council are UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation) and FAO (Food – and Agricultural Organisation).
Question 30. What does UNICEF stand for
Answer: UNICEF stands for United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
Question 31. Where are the headquarters of WHO?
Answer: The headquarters of WHO are in Geneva.
Question 32. What does WHO stand for?
Answer: WHO stands for World Health Organisation.
Question 33. What does UNESCO stand for?
Answer: UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
Question 34. What is the composition of the Trusteeship Council?
Answer: The Trusteeship Council is composed of the representatives of permanent members of Security Council, representatives of all those states which hold the administration of colonies and some representatives elected by the General Assembly.
Question 35. How is the head of the Secretariat of U.N.O. appointed?
Answer: The head of the Secretariat, the Secretary-General, is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.
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Question 36. Who were the original members of the League of Nations?
Answer: The Allied powers in the First World War who signed the different peace treaties, were called the original members of the League of Nations.
Question 37. What was the aim of the League of Nations?
Answer: The aim of the League of Nations was to maintain peace, order and security among the countries of the world.
Question 38. Where were the headquarters of the League of Nations?
Answer: The headquarters of the League of Nations were at Geneva, Switzerland.
Question 39. Which organ of the League had principal executive power?
Answer: During the time of the League, the Council had principal executive power.
Question 40. What did the Permanent Secretariat of the League consist of?
Answer: The Permanent Secretariat of the League consisted of a Secretary-General appointed by the Council and approved by the Assembly.
Question 41. Where was the Permanent Secretariat situated?
Answer: The Permanent Secretariat was situated at Geneva.
Question 42. What was the function of the World Court?
Answer: The Permanent Court of International Justice was to interpret any disputed point in international law. It also determined when treaty obligation had been violated.
Question 43. Which peace organisation was established after the Second World War?
Answer: The U.N.O was established after the Second World War.
Question 44. What is the executive authority of the U.N.O.?
Answer: The name of the executive authority of the U.N.O. is Security Council.
Question 45. Who signed the UN Charter for India?
Answer: Ramaswami Mudaliar. signed the UN Charter for India.
Chapter 7 The League Of Nations And The United Nations Organisation 2 Marks Questions And Answers
Question 1. How was the League of Nations founded?
Answer:
The terrible repercussions of the First World War (1914-18) made a strong impact on the minds of the people and made them cry out for peace. President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America took the initiative and made a plan to establish a world peace organization in 1920 known as the League of Nations which would solve disputes peacefully.
Question 2. With what aim was the League of Nations founded?
Answer:
After the First World War (1914-18) an international peace organization known as the League of Nations was established in 1920 with
The following aims in view:
(1) To prevent armed conflict and to promote international peace and cooperation,
(2) To establish honorable relations among different nations
(3) To promote international disarmament in order to reduce tension and
(4) To find out ways and means for peaceful settlement of international disputes.
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Question 3. Describe the structure of the League of Nations.
Answer:
The structure of the League of Nations
The League of Nations had four main organs, the first of which was the Assembly consisting of representatives of every member state, meeting once a year in Geneva. The second organ was the Council, i.e., the executive committee composed of one representative from each of the five permanent states (Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan) and a temporary of nine other member states, chosen by the Assembly.
The third was the Permanent Secretariat, located at Geneva. The fourth organ was the Permanent Court of International Justice which was a court of arbitration for the settlement of international disputes with its office at Hague.
Question 4. Write a note on the Covenant of the League of Nations.
Answer:
Covenant of the League of Nations
The Constitution of the League of Nations, called the Covenant, consisted of 26 articles among which the tenth, twelfth, and sixteenth articles were of great significance.
(1) Under the tenth article of the Covenant, the members of the League of Nations promised to respect the political independence and territorial integrity of the member countries of the League.
(2) According to the twelfth article, the members unanimously decided to solve their problems through mutual negotiations.
Question 5. Give an account of the General Assembly of the League of Nations.
Answer:
General Assembly of the League of Nations
The League of Nations functioned through a number of organs, the most important of which was the Assembly. All the states which were the members of the League were essentially the members of the Assembly. Every member state could send three representatives, although no state had more than one vote.
The function of the Assembly of the League was:
(1) to establish world peace
(2) to resolve international disputes
(3) to extend international security and
(4) to work to safeguard the interests of minorities.
Question 6. Who were they? members of the League Council?
Answer:
The members of the League Council were divided into two divisions:
(1) Permanent members
(2) Temporary members. There were five permanent members of the Council, viz. Great Britain U.S.A., France, Italy, and Japan. As the United States did not accept membership of the
League of Nations, the number of permanent members remained only four. The number of temporary members was four.
Question 7. What was the function of the Assembly of the League of Nations?
Answer:
The function of the Assembly of the League of Nations was :
(1) To establish world peace
(2) To resolve international disputes
(3) To extend international security and (iv) to work to safeguard the interests of the minorities.
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Question 8. Give an account of the Council of the League of Nations.
Answer:
The Council of the League of Nations
The League Council comprised nine members, of which five were permanent and four temporary members. The five permanent members were Great Britain, U.S.A., France, Italy and Japan.
As the U.S.A. did not accept the membership of the League, the member of permanent members remained only four. Later on, the number of permanent members was increased to six. Germany and Russia became the new permanent members.
Question 9. Who are the permanent members of the League Council?
Answer:
The Council of the League consisted of four permanent members. Later the number of members was increased to six. England, France, Italy, and Japan were permanent members. Later on Russia and Germany were admitted as permanent members.
Question 10. What were the main functions of the League Council?
Answer:
The main functions of the League Council were :
(1) To discuss about various international disputes and to resolve them
(2) To make efforts to stop war and to reduce armaments
(3) Summoning of international conferences to resolve disputes.
Question 11. What was the function of the Secretariat of the League of Nations?
Answer:
The functions of the Secretariat of the League of Nations were:
(1) To list the subjects to be considered in the Assembly
(2) To preserve the documents and necessary papers regarding the minutes of the meetings, settlements, and treaties concluded among the member states
(3) To offer necessary suggestions for effecting modifications in the treaties.
Question 12. Mention any two causes of the failure of the League of Nations.
Answer:
Two causes for the failure of the League of Nations were:
(1) The League was never able to make itself truly representative of the entire world. Countries like the U.S.A., Germany, Russia, Italy, and Japan were not members of the League at different stages and no international organization can be really successful if some of the great powers remain outside it.
(2) The League had no army, navy, or air force of its own nor was it in a position to apply economic sanction on the Great Powers which looked after their own interests instead of fulfilling their obligations to the League.
Question 13. How did the United Nations Organisation come into being?
Answer:
Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Britain and Franklin Roosevelt, President of the U.S.A. announced the Atlantic Charter where the term ‘United Nations’ was first adopted. In the Moscow Conference (1943) Britain, the U.S.A., Russia, and China were unanimous that an international peace organization should be set up.
This resolution was confirmed in the Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944) and the Yalta Conference (1945). Representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco (1945) and prepared a Charter for world peace called the UN Charter on 24 October 1945 the U.N.O came into existence.
Question 14. What are the principal aims (objectives) of the U.N.O.?
Answer:
The principal aims (objectives) of the U.N.O. established after the Second World War are:
(1) To protect world peace, prevent armed conflict among nations, promote peaceful settlement of international disputes, and to remove international tension
(2) To promote education, culture, and health of mankind and to promote the economic condition of poor and underdeveloped nations.
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Question 15. What is the UN Charter?
Answer:
UN Charter
Between April and June 1945, representatives of 51 nations who were directly or indirectly involved in the war against the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan), met at a conference at San Francisco. The Big Four (Britain, France, the U.S.A, and Russia) dominated the conference and prepared a charter for world peace called the UN Charter.
Question 16. Name two basic principles of U.N.O.
Answer:
Two basic principles of the U.N.O are:
(1) All the members, big or small, in order to enjoy the rights and benefits would sincerely carry out their duties as per the U.N.O Charter.
(2) All members shall settle international disputes by peaceful means
Question 17. Write a note on the membership of the U.N.O.
Answer:
Membership of the U.N.O
(1) The membership of the U.N.O is open to all peace-loving nations of the world that accept the obligation of the U.N.O and are willing to carry out these obligations.
(2) 51 states who signed the UN Charter are the original members of the UN.
(3) Any member could be admitted in the UN on the recommendation of the Security Council and by a vote of assent by 2 of the existing members of the General Assembly.
(4) America, England, France, Russia, and China are the permanent members of
the UN Security Council.
Question 18. The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Answer:
The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Composition: The International Court of Justice is located at Hague in the Netherlands. It consists of 15 judges. The judges are elected for a nine-year term. The Court elects its President and vice-president for a period of 3 years.
Function :
(1) A copy of a treaty signed between two or more two states is submitted to the International Court.
(2) It interprets international laws.
(3) It provides advice to the General Assembly and Security Council on any legal question.
(4) It has played an important role in the codification of International Laws.
(5) The Secretariat.
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Question 19. What are FAO and WHO?
Answer:
FAO and WHO
FAO and WHO are two organs of the Economic and Social Council. FAO is the Food and Agricultural Organisation and WHO is the World Health Organisation.
Question 20. What are the six main organs of the U.N.O.?
Answer:
The six main organs of the United Nations organization are :
(1) The General Assembly
(2) The Security Council
(3) The Economic and Social Council
(4) The Trusteeship Council
(5) The International Court of Justice and
(6) The Secretariat.
Question 21. Why is 24 October celebrated as the United Nations Day?
Answer:
Between April and June of 1945, representatives of 51 nations who were directly or indirectly involved in the war against the Axis Powers met at a conference led by Britain, France, U.S.A., and Russia at San Francisco and prepared a charter for world peace called the UN Charter.
The Charter became officially effective on 24 October. So this day is celebrated as the United Nations Day.
Question 22. What is ‘Veto’?
Answer:
‘Veto’
The foremost responsibility of the Security Council is the maintenance of international peace and security. All the five permanent members of the Security Council (U.S.A, U.S.S.R., U.K., France, and China) must agree on all important issues.
A negative vote by any one permanent member is called a ‘Veto’. If the Veto is exercised, then the proposal or resolution is considered not passed. So on this issue the Security Council cannot take any action.
Question 23. What are the different functional agencies of the Economic and Social Council?
Answer:
The different functional agencies of the Economic and Social Council are:
(1) ILO (International Labour Organisation)
(2) UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation)
(3) WHO (World Health Organisation)
(4) FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation)
(5) IMF (International Monetary Fund)
Question 24. What is the composition of the General Assembly?
Answer:
The composition of the General Assembly
The General Assembly of the U.N.O. consists of all member states of the United Nations Organisation. Each member ‘state can send five representatives to the session of the General Assembly. The total strength of the U.N. General Assembly is now 193.
Question 25. What is the composition of the Security Council of the United Nations Organisation?
Answer:
The composition of the Security Council of the United Nations Organisation
The most important organ of the U.N.O. is the Security Council. There are two types of members in the Council permanent and non-permanent. Five permanent members are the U.S.A, U.S.S.R., U.K., France and China. The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years.
Question 26. Write a note on the membership of the Security Council.
Answer:
The membership of the Security Council
The Security Council is the most important organ of the U.N.O. There are two types of members in the Security Council permanent and non-permanent. Five permanent members are the U.S.A., U.S.S.R, France, and China. The other ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years.
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Question 27. Name the permanent members of the Security Council of the U.N.O.
Answer:
The Permanent members of the Security Council of the U.N.O are :
(1) America
(2) England
(3) France
(4) Soviet Russia and
(5) China
Question 28. What is the function of UNESCO?
Answer:
Function of UNESCO
UNESCO deals with the issues of economic and social welfare and works for the preservation of human rights across the globe. This body fights against illiteracy and devotes itself to the protection of health, the spread of education, improvement of the standard of living of the people. The task before UNESCO includes education, social science, natural science, mass communication, cultural activities, and relief services.
Question 29. What is the function of WHO?
Answer:
Function of WHO
WHO (World Health Organisation) organizes campaigns throughout the world against diseases such as pox, plague, smallpox, cholera, and others. It undertakes medical research to find out the causes of diseases, improve vaccines, and train medical research and aid workers.
Question 30. What is the function of UNICEF?
Answer:
Function of UNICEF
The function of UNICEF is to help the member countries improve the health condition of their children and to save the lives of sick or starving children in the world who suffer from malnutrition, hunger, and different kinds of diseases. It also looks after social welfare and vocational training of children. It also helps in the production of inexpensive books for children.
Class ix History Question Answer
Question 31. What is the function of the Security Council of the U.N.O.?
Answer:
The functions of the Security Council of the U.N.O. is :
(1) It maintains international peace and security
(2) It investigates all disputes and recommends ways and means for peaceful settlement
(3) It can also take action against a defaulting state and can ask its members to send military forces in order to control a dangerous situation.
Question 32. What is the function of the Economic and Social Council?
Answer:
The functions of the Economic and Social Council, a non-political organ of the U.N.O. are as follows :
(1) To promote economic and social advancement of all people
(2) Planning of economic development, financial and technical assistance to underdeveloped countries, industrialization of backward countries, improvement of education and aid to the world’s needy children; and,
(3) To appoint special committees from time to time to study specific problems.
Question 33. Write a short note on the International Labour Organisation (ILO).
Answer:
The International Labour Organisation (ILO)
The headquarters of the International Labour Organisation were established in Geneva. All the member-states were also members of the International Labour Organisation. The main aim behind its establishment was to improve the condition of the Iabourers in different countries.
Question 34. What is the function of the Trusteeship Council?
Answer:
Function of the Trusteeship Council
After World War II, some underdeveloped countries were placed under the supervision of the Trusteeship Council. The primary task of the Council is to look after the economic, social, political, and cultural development of these countries.
An indirect function of the Trusteeship Council is to eliminate the possibility of rivalry among powerful nations of the world for the exploitation of underdeveloped nations.
Question 35. What is the function of the head of the Secretariat?
Answer:
Function of the head of the Secretariat
The head of the Secretariat, the Secretary-General, prepares an annual progress report of the U.N.O. and places it before the General Assembly. He has the right to draw the attention of the Security Council to any matter which, in his opinion, may threaten international security.
Question 36. When was the Yalta Conference held? Name the countries which took part in the Yalta Conference.
Answer:
The Yalta Conference was held in 1945. The countries that took part in the Yalta Conference were the U.S.A., Britain, and Russia.
Question 37. When and where was the Atlantic Charter signed?
Answer:
The Atlantic Charter was signed on 11 August 1941. Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of Britain, and Franklin Roosevelt, President of U.S.A. met together on a warship called the ‘Prince of Wales’ in the Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland and signed the Atlantic Charter.
Question 38. What is the importance of the Atlantic Charter?
Answer:
Importance of the Atlantic Charter
The Atlantic Charter is important because it contained the aims and fundamental principles for the reconstruction of the post-Second World War. An indication to set up a world organization for the preservation of peace in the world was given in this Charter. In this Charter, the term ‘United Nations’ was first adopted.
Class ix History Question Answer
Question 39. Mention two limitations of the U.N.O.
Answer:
Limitations of the U.N.O
(1) The first limitation in the Charter of the U.N.O is that the right of absolute veto has been given to each of the ‘Big Five’. The Big Powers have always on several occasions misused this right in their self-interest,
(2) The U.N.O has not achieved success in gaining the cooperation of all the ‘Big Five’ at a time on the question of the enforcement of the decision of the Security Council with the help of an international army.
Chapter 7 The League Of Nations And The United Nations Organisation 4 Marks Questions And Answers:
Question 1. Comment on the weaknesses of the League of Nations.
Answer:
The major weaknesses of the League of Nations are as follows :
(1) The first major failure came over the World Disarmament Conference. No agreement could be reached on this issue due to Franco-German mutual distrust and concealed unwillingness of the great powers to disarmament.
(2) The World economic crisis and economic depression of 1930 gave a serious blow to the League’s survival. Nations became more concerned with their economic survival than with making sacrifices for the fulfillment of the objects of the League.
(3) Meanwhile, Germany resigned from the League on the grounds that there was no equality among the members of the League.
(4) Japan violated the League’s ideals of peace and made a blatant attack on the Manchurian province of China. On China’s appeal, the League appointed the Lytton Commission which reported that Japan attacked Manchuria unprovoked.
The League declared Japan as an aggressor. Japan gave a rébuff to the League by withdrawing her membership and the League failed to punish Japan by applications of Article-16. The League’s failure to take action against Japan ruined the League’s prestige. Small nations of the World became aware that the League was unable to protect them.
(5) Italy felt encouraged at Japan’s instance. She attacked Abyssinia violating the ceasefire order of the League, while a commission of the League was engaged in a survey in Abyssinia. Italy’s arrogance angered world opinion and she was declared an aggressor.
The League applied sanction or economic blockade on her according to Art-16. Italy resigned her membership of the League and Germany, which had already resigned, supplied arms and ammunitions to Italy. The latter defied the League, defeated Abyssinia, and annexed it.
This was a major nail in the coffin of the League of Nations. The League lost its effectiveness in Nazi Germany’s aggression in the Rhineland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Britain did not actively support the League and the USA remained aloof. It was finally dissolved in 1946.
Question 2. Write a note on the evolution of the United Nations.
Answer:
The evolution of the United Nations
The League of Nations had failed to provide effective means for the peaceful settlement of international disputes among the great powers. Early in the Second World War, statesmen considered the necessity of replacing the League of Nations with a more effective body.
In August 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt met on a battleship in the Atlantic and issued a joint declaration, subsequently known as the Atlantic Charter.
This declaration laid down that the two countries abandoned any intention to annex any foreign territories, affirmed the principles of self-determination, and held out to all states equal freedom of access to trade and raw materials. On January 1, 1942, representatives of the twenty-six ‘United Nations’ signed a joint declaration endorsing the Atlantic Charter.
In the Moscow conference which met in November 1943, America, Britain, Russia, and China discussed the idea of a world peace organisation for the maintenance of international peace and security.
At the Teheran Conference in December, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin called for a world family of democratic nations. Early in 1914 the British and United States Governments began to work out detailed schemes for the future World Organisation.
A British Committee drew up proposals which were placed before a meeting of Dominion Prime Ministers in London in May 1944.
The proposals were for a World Assembly in which all member states would be represented and a World Council representing four powers and a number of other states. The World Council would take the initiative to maintain peace, which would be binding on the members of the organisation.
Representatives of Britain, Russia, China, and the United States met to consider the various proposals at a conference at Dumbarton Oaks, near Washington, in August and September 1944.
They reached an agreement on all important matters except the voting procedure. This was decided by the ‘Big Three’ at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. It was decided at Yalta to call a ‘Conference of the United Nations’ at San Francisco ‘to prepare the Charter of such an organization, along the lines proposed in the informal conversations at Dumbarton Oaks’.
On April 25, 1945, shortly before the end of the war, representatives from fifty-one nations met at San Francisco, to draw up a constitution for the new organization, to be called the United Nations.
The negotiations in San Francisco were not smooth. While the ‘Big Four’ were pledged to defend a common set of proposals, the lesser powers ‘the middle and smaller countries’ naturally resented what they alleged was excessive domination of the UN by the Great Powers as symbolized in the veto.
Although the Dumbarton Oaks framework remained virtually intact, important modifications were introduced. The Charter in its final form was adopted on June 26, 1945. The Charter came into effect on October 24, 1945, which is now observed throughout the world as ‘U.N. Day’.
Class ix History Question Answer
Question 3. Write the aims and objectives of UNO.
Answer:
Aims and objectives of UNO
UNO was formed on 24th October 1945 with wide objectives which may be Classified under 2 groups – Primary objectives and Secondary objectives.
1. Primary Objectives :
The Primary objectives of UNO were formed to save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war and to establish such conditions under which international laws can be maintained.
2. Secondary Objectives :
(1) To maintain international peace and security.
(2) to recognize the right of self-determination of every nation of the world and to establish friendly relationship between states.
(3) The improve the economic, social, scientific ate cultural coming in every country.
(4) To co-operate mutually in solving the problems of food, health, education, unemployment, etc.
(5) To allow every nation of the world, whether great or ack to enjoy the status of ‘nation’.
(6) To maintain the sanctity of every country’s territorial limits and not to apply force on any other state.
(7) To assist in the improvement of backward and underdeveloped nations.
Question 4. Write a note on the dispute-solving mechanism of the League of Nations.
Answer:
If a dispute did occur, the League, under its Covenant
Could do three things These were known as its sanctions :
(1) It could call on the states in dispute to sit down and discuss the problem in an orderly and peaceful manner. This would be done in the League’s Assembly which was essentially the League’s parliament which would listen to disputes and come to a decision on how to proceed. If one nation was seen to be the offender, the League could introduce verbal sanctions — warning an aggressor nation that she would need to leave another nation’s territory or face the consequences.
(2) If the states in dispute failed to listen to the Assembly’s decision, the League could introduce economic sanctions. The purpose of this sanction was to financially hit the aggressor nation so that she would have to do as the League required. The logic behind it was to push an aggressor nation towards bankruptcy, so that the people in that state would take out their anger on their Government, forcing them to accept the League members not to do any trade with an aggressor nation in an effort to bring that aggressor nation to heel.
(3) If this failed, the League could introduce physical sanctions. This meant that military force would be used to put into place the League’s decision. However, the League did not have a military force at its disposal and no member of the League had to provide one under the terms of joining — unlike the current United Nations. Therefore, it could not carry out any threats and any country defying its authority would have been very aware of this weakness.
The only two countries in the League that could have provided any military might were Britain and France and both had been severely depleted strength-wise in World War I and could not provide the League with the backing it needed. Also, both Britain and France were not in a position to use their finances to pay for an expanded army as both were financially hit very hard by World War I.
Question 5. Write about the formation of the League of Nations.
Answer:
Formation of the League of Nations :
The horrors of the devastating warfare and the huge losses sustained during the First World War had a stunning effect on mankind. People all over the world were demanding peace. The result was the birth of the League of Nations.
President Woodrow Wilson of the USA, who was its real creator in the last of his Fourteen Points, said “A general association of nations must be formed … for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial solidarity of great and small states alike.”
The delegates to the Paris Peace Conference supported the proposal of Wilson and set up a commission to ponder over the formation of the proposed international institution. The commission recommended the setting up of an international body under the name League of Nations with its constitution and other relevant terms and conditions.
The recommended Covenant (pledge) for the League of Nations was subsequently accepted by the representatives of the Paris Peace Conference. The League Covenant contained 26 Articles specifying its objects, structure, etc.
Class ix History Question Answer
Question 6. Comment on the nature of the United Nations.
Answer:
Nature of the United Nations: The principal aim of the UNO is the maintenance of international peace and security. Such responsibility is vested in the hands of the Security Council. On the basis of performance, it may be said that the UN has saved mankind from the deadly military conflict and the World War Il has not been followed by World War Ill.
This may be regarded as the most important achievement of the UN. It must, however, be said at the same time that the capacity of the UN to enforce a system of collective security is very much limited by the fact that it was essentially a puppet devised by its members.
In fact, the UN can do no more than its members, particularly the Permanent Members of the Security Council, permit. Thus its role has not been confined to provide ways and means that facilitate the peaceful resolution of international disputes.
Andrew Haywood has pointed out that even in this respect its record has been clean. The UNO was, indeed, successful in negotiating a ceasefire between India and Pakistan (1948). But during the long period of the Cold War (1947-1990) the UN was virtually paralyzed by the superpower rivalry.
The end of the Cold War raised new hope in the effectiveness of the UNO. But it was found confronted with new problems. Significantly the new task before the UN is to shift from traditional peacekeeping to ‘multidimensional’ or ‘robust’ peacekeeping.
Question 7. What is the United Nations Charter?
Answer:
The United Nations Charter: The United Nations Organization was formally established on 24 October 1945. When the UNO began to function its total number of member countries was 51. At present (December 2014) the total number of members stands at 193.
The constitution of the UNO is called the Charter. More than ten thousand words have been used in the Charter. It is thus a very long charter it consists of a Preamble, 19 Chapters, and 3 Articles. The Preamble of the UN
The Charter reflects the spirit of the UNO, which is as follows :
We The Peoples of The United Nations Determined :
(1) To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind.
(2) To reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and
(3) To establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and
(4) To promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom. And For These Ends
(5) To practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, and
(6) To unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and
(7) To ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and
(8) To employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, Have Resolved To Combine Our Efforts To Accomplish These Aims
Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.
Question 8. What is the composition and role of the General Assembly in the U.N.O? What is the function of the Security Council?
Answer:
(1) Composition:
(1) All members of the UN send representatives to the General Assembly.
(2) Important decisions, budgetary matters, and admission of new members are taken by 2/3″ majority of the members.
(3) The General Assembly meets every year on the 3rd Tuesday of September.
(2) Functions:
(1) To discuss everything relating to international peace and security.
(2) To make recommendations on the maintenance of peace and security.
(3) To see the working of other agencies and organs
(4) To consider and approve the U.N. budget.
Functions of the Security Council:
(1) To maintain international peace.
(2) To investigate disputes and make recommendations about solving them.
(3) Take military action against the aggressors.
Chapter 7 The League Of Nations And The United Nations Organisation 8 Marks Questions And Answers:
Question 1. Discuss the structure of the League of Nations.
Answer:
Formation of the League of Nations : The horrors of mechanized warfare and the huge losses sustained during the First World War had a stunning effect on mankind. People all over the world were demanding peace. The result was the birth of the League of Nations.
In 1920 President Woodrow Wilson of the USA who was its real creator in the last of his Fourteen Points, said “A general association of nations must be formed … for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity of great and small states alike.”
The delegates to the Paris Peace Conference supported the proposal of Wilson and set up a commission to ponder over the formation of the proposed international institution. The commission recommended the setting up of an international body under the name League of Nations with its constitution and other relevant terms and conditions.
The recommended Covenant (pledge) for the League of Nations was subsequently accepted by the representatives of the Paris Peace Conference. The League Covenant contained 26 Articles specifying its objects, structure, etc.
The Structure of the League of Nations : The League of Nations began functioning through an Assembly, a Council, and a permanent Secretariat. Moreover, it had under it two autonomous bodies, namely, the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organization.
The International Court of Justice had the responsibility to judge and settle international disputes, and the International Labor
The organization was to develop labor relations. Besides, there were some other socio-economic organizations under the domination of the League. Sessions of the League were to be held at Geneva annually in the month of September.
Special sessions, however, might be held in times of emergency. The first session of the League was convened on 15 November 1920, and the last, the 20th session on 14 December 1939.
(1) Assembly: The assembly of the League consisted of the representatives of all the member states, each being entitled to only one vote. The Assembly was a deliberative and advisory body. It had no power to legislate or compel acceptance of its decisions.
It made the budget for the League. It also elected the non-permanent members of the League Council and admitted new states as members of the League.
(2) Council: The League Council comprised of Permanent and Non-Permanent members. Originally there were five Permanent members, €.g. Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany and the USA. Four Non-Permanent members were elected from lesser important powers by the Assembly.
The non-permanent members were to serve for fixed terms. However, as a result of non-adherence by the USA, the Permanent members of the Council were reduced to four, while the non-permanent members were increased to six. During the time period of the League of Nations, the Council was the principal executive power.
The functions of the Council were :
(1) To formulate plans for the reduction of armaments.
(2)To advise on the ways and measures to be taken by the whole League to protect member states from aggression.
(3) To mediate and settle disputes between members.
(4) All emergencies arising in international affairs were to be dealt with by the Council.
(5) All important decisions of the Council were required to be unanimous.
(3) Permanent Secretariat: The Permanent Secretariat of the League consisted of a Secretary-General appointed by the Council and approved by the Assembly.
The functions of the Secretariat were :
(1)To compile data on international problems.
(2) To register treaties.
(3) To act as secretaries at deliberations of the Council and of the Assembly. The Permanent Secretariat was situated at Geneva.
(4) Other Important Bodies: The League had two other important bodies, namely, the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labor Organization. The Permanent Court of International Justice (or the World Court) had the responsibility to interpret any disputed point in international law.
It also determined when treaty obligations had been violated. The other body was the International Labour Organization which had the responsibility to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labor for men, women, and children.
Assessment of the League: The League started its work very well. The record of the League since its inception was one of success. In its attempts to prevent war the League also achieved some remarkable success. However, for the sectarian and selfish policy pursued by the big powers, this international organization finally failed to make the world a secure place to live with peace.
For example, when Japan attacked Manchuria in 1931, the League failed to discharge its responsibilities. Ultimately after Hitler started conquering territories in utter disregard to the Treaty of Versailles, the fall of the League became inevitable.
Question 2. Compare and contrast the League of Nations and the United Nations.
Answer:
Comparing The League of Nations and the United Nations
The ideals of the League of Nations and of the United Nations were more or less similar. They were formed with the purpose of ensuring international peace and security. The idea of world organization embedded in the League of Nations has assumed greater significance in the creation of the United Nations.
In matters of organization, the two bodies are almost similar. The League had three organs the Assembly, the Council, and the Security Council. The organization of the United Nations is more elaborate and it has six organs the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.
In the League of Nations, the Big Powers exercised influence in shaping its policy. Similarly, in the United Nations, the Big Five, America, Russia, Britain, France, and China, play a crucial role in directing the activities of the United Nations.
Both organizations have relied on peaceful methods for the solution of international disputes and have urges and sanctions against the disturbance of peace.
“For all their differences” it has been said, the League and the U.N., “are basically the same-voluntary associations of states established to foster cooperation among their members in certain stipulated political, economic, and social areas.
They were both endowed with essentially the same organizational limbs, including an assembly, council, economic and social bodies, trusteeship committee, courts, and secretariat. In most matters, these organs were authorized only to recommend, not command.
In the security sphere, their founders intended that action to extinguish threats to the peace should be left primarily to the political councils dominated by the great powers”. But in spite of the similarities, there have been wide differences between the two organizations. Both the United States and the Soviet Union who have been members of the United Nations from the beginning were not originally included in the League of Nations.
While all important decisions in the League Assembly required unanimity, in the General Assembly of the United Nations, they require a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting.
The power and responsibility of the League Assembly and the League Council were not clearly defined. But in the United Nations, the positions of the General Assembly and the Security Council have been clearly demarcated.
The Security Council has been given wider authority than the Council of the League, for in that body rests the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security.
The incorporation of the Covenant of the League of Nations in the peace treaty of Versailles weakened the League. It appeared that the League of Nations was an attempt on the part of the victors to devise a political settlement intended to serve their interests. But the United Nations had nothing to do with any peace treaty. “It was the job of the United Nations to maintain peace, not to create peace”.
On the whole, the objectives of the Charter are far more comprehensive and radical than those of the Covenant. The League was not an effective instrument for the enforcement of sanctions. But the framers of the U.N. Charter ‘put teeth’ into the new collective security system. International organizations in 1919 had no concrete
Precedent whereas the United Nations of 1945 had twenty years experience behind them. In several respects, the United Nations is somewhat tighter than the League. “Its organs, when they can function at all, can do more.
But how far they can function at all depends, as before, on the will of its leading members to make them function”. The fabric of international society has been strengthened by putting more emphasis on the role of specialized agencies in promoting economic, social, cultural, and technical cooperation.
Question 3. How was UNO formed?
Answer:
Formation of UNO: The United Nations Organization is an international body. It was established on 24th October 1945 in order to maintain peace and security.
Circumstances leading to the formation of UNO: Nearly 50 million people lost their life during World War II. The deadly weapons terrified the men. The failure of the League of Nations forced the nation heads to form an international institution to establish durable peace and security in the world.
Different steps :
1. London Declaration: The London Declaration was the first step towards the foundation of UNO. In June 1941 the representatives of Britain, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa met in London and proposed for the first time to establish an effective organization to maintain international peace and security. This announcement came to be known as the London Declaration.
2. Atlantic Charter: In 1941 the British Prime Minister Mr. Churchill and the US President Mr. Franklin Roosevelt met on board of a British Warship (Augusta) somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. Their declaration came to be known as the Atlantic Charter.
It became an important document when 26 leaders of different states including Stolin, the President of Russia put Here, in the conference, as many as 51 representatives of different states signed a document known as the United Nations Charter.
These 51 signatory states are the original members of the United Nations. The aims, objectives, composition, etc. of the United Nations were clearly laid down in the charter. Thus, UNO was formed on 24th October 1945 and this day is celebrated as UN Day every year.
3. Washington Declaration: In 1942 the representatives of 26 nations signed a declaration known as the United Nations Declaration. The name United Nation was devised by President Franklin Roosevelt. Most of the principles of the Atlantic Charter were accepted
4. Moscow Declaration: In 1943 the foreign ministers of Britain, America, Russia, and China met at Moscow. It was decided that an international body was “formed after World War – II. A joint communique was issued on ist November 1943. The first formal decision to establish the United Nations was taken at Moscow in 1943.
5. Dumbarton Oaks Conference: The representative of Britain, America, Russia, and amet in 1944 at an estate known as Dumbarton Oaks, near Washington. At this Conference draft of the UN, charter was formulated.
6. The San Fransisco Conference and the Birth of the United Nations: The final step towards the formation of an international body, the United Nations, was taken at the San Francisco Conference of 1945.
Question 4. Write a note on the purposes and membership of the U.N.O.
Answer:
Purposes and Principles of the U.N.:The purposes of the United Nations are set forth in Article I of the Charter. These are :
(1) Maintenance of international peace and security;
(2) Development of friendly relations among nations;
(3) International cooperation in solving problems of economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian nature; promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom; and
(4) To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve the above ends.
In order to fulfill the purposes for which UNO was established, the UN acts in accordance with the following principles, as envisaged in Article 2 of the Charter :
(1) The organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members
(2) All members shall fulfill in good faith the obligation they have assumed under the Charter
(3) They shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means
(4) They shall refrain in their international relations from the threat of use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of United Nations
(5) They shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter, and to refrain in giving assistance to any State against which the organization is taking preventive enforcement action
(6) The United Nations to ensure that non-members act in accordance with these principles so far as is necessary for maintaining international peace and security;
(7) The organization shall not intervene in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State. This provision shall not, however, prejudice the application of enforcement action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression.
Membership: There are two kinds of members of the United Nations. According to Article 3, there are original members who participated in the San Francisco Conference or had signed earlier the Declaration by the United Nations on January 1, 1942, and signed the Charter and ratified it also. In all 51 States are regarded as original members.
Subsequent members are elected under Article 4 of the Charter, by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. Membership of the United Nations is open to all peace-loving countries that accept the Charter and have faith in the judgment of the Charter.
Any prospective country desiring to become a member must submit an application including a declaration that it accepts the obligations envisaged by the Charter. New members are admitted by two-thirds votes of the members of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. Membership becomes effective on the date on which the Assembly accepts the application.
Question 5. Write an essay on the specialized agencies of the U.N.
Answer:
UNDP :
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is active in more than 150 developing countries and territories. This organ provides multilateral, technical, and pre-investment aid. It has five-year programs that cover varied fields like farming, fishing, forestry, mining, manufacturing, power, transport, communication, housing and building, trade and tourism, health and environmental sanitation, education and training community, economic planning and public administration.
The UNDP aims to help developing countries to make better use of their human and natural resources and improve living standards. Natural resources are surveyed and other potentials for increased output are examined. Educational systems are strengthened. Vocational and technical instruction is given at various levels.
UNICEF :
The United Nations International Children’s International Children’s’ session in 1946 to meet the emergency needs of children in post-war Europe and China, for food, medicines, and clothing. In 1950 to main objective of this agency was changed to promoting programs for the benefit of children of developing countries. Its name was changed to United Nations Children’s Fund but the by now popular acronym was kept. Whenever there are natural disasters, civil wars, or epidemics, UNICEF acts swiftly to help children and mothers.
All aspects of child care, immunization, breastfeeding, growth monitoring, and simple methods of rehydration have been included in the work of UNICEF. The training of national personnel consisting of teachers, health and sanitation workers, nutritionists, and child welfare specialists has been undertaken by UNICEF.
Paper for textbooks, equipment, and medicine for health clinics, pipes, and pumps for supplying clean water have been provided. Voluntary contributions finance UNICEF. About three-quarters of its income comes from Governments, the rest are donations. It also raises money by its sale of greeting cards and other fund-raising activities.
WHO:
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has its headquarters at Geneva. It is governed by the World Health Assembly on which 166 member states are represented. The Executive Board has 31 members sent by as many countries.
As the name implies, WHO aims to raise the health levels of all the people in the world. The World Health Assembly set a goal which was “Health for All by the year 2000”. Cooperation between Governments and people helps the programmes of WHO which involve eight essential elements.
Education about prevailing health problems, an adequate and nutritious food supply, safe water and sanitation, maternal and child health, immunization against major infectious diseases and appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries, and supply of essential drugs, form important elements of the programmes.
The decade from 1981 to 1990 has been declared as “The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade”.
UNESCO :
The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisations (UNESCO) has its headquarters in Paris. UNESCO’s primary aim is to promote peace by making the member nations understand each other’s culture and collaborate through education, science, culture, and communication.
Firstly, UNESCO expands and guides education so that the people of every country learn to take care of their own development.
It also helps to establish scientific and technological foundations in order to enable the country to make better use of its resources. A special effort is made to encourage national culture and to preserve the cultural heritage of member nations.
Education is a field where UNESCO plays an important part. Literacy, universal primary education, training of teachers, educational planners and administrators, and the supply of equipment to schools, are all involved in the program initiated by this agency.
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) is older than the United Nations as it was established in 1919, under the Treaty of Versailles, along with the League of Nations. The ILO became the first specialized agency under the United Nations when an agreement establishing its relationship with the UN was approved in December. 1946. It has its headquarters at Geneva.
Question 6. Discuss the composition of the UNO.
Answer:
Composition of the UNO
The United Nations Organization (U.N.O.) was set up on October 24, 1945.
Main Aims of the U.N.O. :
(1) To maintain international peace and security.
(2) To promote friendly relations among different nations.
(3) To achieve international cooperation in solving the worldwide economic, social, and cultural problems.
(4) To promote respect for human rights, dignity and freedom.
(5) To promote respect among the member-nations for fundamental rights and freedom of mankind.
The principal organs of the U.N.O. :
(1) The General Assembly
(2) The Security Council
(3) The Economic and Social Council
(4) The Trusteeship Council
(5) The International Court of Justice and
(6) The Secretariat:
(1) General Assembly: This is the main body of the United Nations. The representatives of all the member countries sit in this Assembly. At present, it has about 150 members as its members. Every member nation can send 5 representatives in this Assembly but they will have a single vote. Its session is held once in a year.
Functions :
(1) This assembly thinks over the matters to maintain peace and security.
(2) It passes the budget of the United Nations.
(3) The Members of the General Assembly elect the members of other organs of the United Nations.
(4) The assembly takes the decisions to give membership to the new nations and to remove the existing nations if the need arises.
(2) Security Council: This Council is the executive wing of the United Nations. It has total 15 members 10 temporary and 5 permanent.
Its permanent members are :
(1) U.S.A.
(2) Russia
(3) England,
(4) France and
(5) Communist China.
Its temporary members are elected by the General Assembly for the term of two years.
Functions of the Security Council :
(1) This Council is responsible for the establishment of peace in the world. Every member country of the United Nations has the right to send its complaint to the Security Council.
(2) It settles the disputes and conflicts among the countries of the world. If the need arises it has the authority to use force against any country.
(3) This council appoints the judges of the International Court of Justice, along with the cooperation of the General Assembly.
(3) Economic and Social Council: This Council consists of 27 members. They are elected by the General Assembly for three years. 1/3 members retire every year and the new ones are elected.
Functions: This Council considers matters concerning Economic, Social, Cultural, and Educational matters of all the member countries of the United Nations.
(4) Trusteeship Council: This Council is formed to look after the matters and administration of those countries that have been kept in trusteeship of some countries by the United Nations. Its members are also elected by the General Assembly.
Functions :
(1) The Trusteeship Council sends its missions from time to time to those countries that have kept in trust of the United Nations.
(2) It listens to the complaints of the people of those countries which have been kept in trust.
(5) International Court of Justice: This Court of Justice is one of the important organs of the United Nations. This court is of 15 Judges. The judges are elected by the members of the General Assembly and Security Council for nine years.
Functions :
(1) This court decides those disputes which are presented to it by different countries of the world.
(2) This court has advisory functions also. It provides legal advice to the different organs of the United Nations.
(6) Secretariat: This is the main office of the United Nations. Its head is called “Secretary General”. He is nominated by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. About 6000 employees work under him in the office. These days Mr. Ban ki-Moon is the Secretary General of the United Nations.
Functions of the Secretariat: The Secretariat is involved in all the paperwork of the U.N. It organizes seminars, and coordinates the work of organs and agencies.
Specialized Agencies of the U.N.O. :
(1) The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (UNESCO)
(2) The World Health Organization. (W.H.O)
(3) The Food and Agriculture Organization. (FA.O.)
(4) The International Labour Organization. (I. L.O)
WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 History and Environment
- Chapter 1 Some Aspects Of The French Revolution
- Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals : Napoleonic Empire and The Idea Of Nationalism
- Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Nationalist And Monarchial Ideas
- Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution: Colonialism And Imperialism
- Chapter 5 Europe In the Twentieth Century
- Chapter 6 The Second World War And Its Aftermath